1. The overexploitation of many marine resources and ecosystems calls for the development and implementation of measures to support their recovery and conservation.
2. The potential contributions to support fisheries and ecosystem recovery were assessed at the local level of the three multiple‐use marine protected areas (MPAs) of Cerbère‐Banyuls, Medes Islands, and Cap de Creus, located in the north‐western Mediterranean Sea.
3. For each MPA, a food‐web model accounting for each protection level (PL) was developed: the fully protected area (FPA), the partially protected area (PPA) and the unprotected area (UPA) surrounding the MPA. Using the resulting nine food‐web models, the ecosystem structure and functioning of each PL were compared and characterized, differences and similarities within and among the three MPAs were assessed, and ecosystem response to full protection was evaluated for the three MPAs.
4. Differences in terms of ecosystem structure and functioning were found among PLs. Overall, FPAs presented the most positive effect of protection in terms of ecosystem structure and functioning, followed by PPAs. However, the effects of protection on neighbouring UPAs were hardly noticeable.
5. Similarities between Cerbère‐Banyuls and Medes Islands MPAs were observed, while Cap de Creus MPA showed the least benefits from protection overall. These results are likely to be due to similarities in the configuration of the protected areas, the levels of enforcement and compliance, and the impact of recreational and small‐scale fisheries allowed in the PPAs and UPAs.
6. This study illustrates that well‐enforced Mediterranean MPAs, even when small, can yield local positive impacts on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems that can contribute to support local fisheries.

中文翻译：

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使用比较模型方法的海洋保护区对生态系统恢复和渔业的影响

1. 许多海洋资源和生态系统的过度开发要求制定和执行支持其恢复和养护的措施。
2. 在地中海西北部的塞贝雷-比努尔，梅德斯群岛和克雷乌斯角的三个多用途海洋保护区（MPA）的地方一级，评估了支持渔业和生态系统恢复的潜在贡献。
3. 对于每个MPA，都建立了一个针对每个保护级别（PL）的食物网模型：MPA周围的完全保护区（FPA），部分保护区（PPA）和非保护区（UPA）。使用由此产生的九个食物网模型，对每个PL的生态系统结构和功能进行了比较和表征，评估了三个MPA内部和之间的异同，并评估了三个MPA对完全保护的生态系统响应。
4. 在PL之间发现了生态系统结构和功能方面的差异。总体而言，森林保护区在生态系统结构和功能方面表现出最积极的保护作用，其次是保护区。但是，保护对相邻UPA的影响几乎不明显。
5. 观察到塞伯雷-比努尔斯和梅德斯群岛的海洋保护区有相似之处，而克雷德·克劳斯海洋保护区的总体保护作用却最少。这些结果可能是由于保护区的配置，执法和合规水平以及PPA和UPA中允许的休闲和小型渔业的影响相似。
6. 这项研究表明，即使实施的MPA很小，也可以对海洋生态系统的结构和功能产生局部的积极影响，从而有助于支持当地的渔业。