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Groundwater quality index based on PCA: Wadi El-Natrun, Egypt
Journal of African Earth Sciences ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103964
Shokry Abdelaziz , Mohamed I. Gad , Abdel Hamid M.H. El Tahan

Abstract Groundwater is one of the water's main sources for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses in arid and semi-arid regions such as the Egyptian western desert. Extensive extraction of the groundwater may lead to the extraordinary decline of the groundwater level coupled with salinization and quality deterioration. This paper aims to investigate the quality of drinking and irrigation water in 47 pumping wells distributed in Wadi El-Natrun, Egypt. Twenty-three hydrochemical parameters that reflected the complexity of the water quality were considered and evaluated. Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were sequentially applied to produce potential clusters/groups (groundwater quality classes), classify the groundwater quality data into meaningful classes, and identify the most critical parameters in the classification. HCA produces four major clusters. Electrical conductivity has a high correlation with the Total Dissolved solids “TDS”, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfate, and Strontium. PCA deals with highly correlated parameters and reduces them to a few uncorrelated principal components so that the dimensionality of the transformed data is reduced. Hence, the first three principal components were used to group groundwater quality parameters in comparison to HCA. The grouping provided by the HCA strongly reflects the effect of the first three principal components, showing that the two analyses gave comparable results. In fact, the study proposes a modified Ground Water Quality Index (GWQI) based on the weighted GWQI developed by Tiwari and Mishra (1985). The weights of the studied parameters were estimated based on the PCA where only seven PCs covering about 80.5% of total variance, were used. It has been founded that, the resulting weights match well with the classification performed by the two described methods. The proposed method was used to evaluate the suitability of the water for drinking and agricultural uses based on both WHO and FAO standards. Among the 47 studied wells, only five wells could be considered suitable and good for drinking and 18 wells for irrigation. Also, the water samples are characterized by a high concentration of Sodium, Sulfate, Chloride, and Strontium in addition to TDS.

中文翻译:

基于 PCA 的地下水质量指数:Wadi El-Natrun,埃及

摘要 地下水是埃及西部沙漠等干旱和半干旱地区生活、农业和工业用水的主要来源之一。大量开采地下水可能会导致地下水位异常下降,并伴有盐渍化和水质恶化。本文旨在调查分布在埃及 Wadi El-Natrun 的 47 口抽水井的饮用水和灌溉水质量。考虑和评估了 23 个反映水质复杂性的水化学参数。依次应用层次聚类分析(HCA)和主成分分析(PCA)来产生潜在的聚类/组(地下水质量类别),将地下水质量数据分类为有意义的类别,并确定分类中最关键的参数。HCA 产生四个主要集群。电导率与总溶解固体“TDS”、钠、钙、镁、硫酸盐和锶有很高的相关性。PCA 处理高度相关的参数并将它们减少到几个不相关的主成分,从而降低转换数据的维数。因此,与 HCA 相比,前三个主要成分用于对地下水质量参数进行分组。HCA 提供的分组强烈反映了前三个主成分的影响,表明这两种分析给出了可比较的结果。事实上,该研究基于 Tiwari 和 Mishra (1985) 开发的加权 GWQI 提出了修改后的地下水质量指数 (GWQI)。研究参数的权重是基于 PCA 估计的,其中仅使用了 7 个 PC,覆盖了总方差的 80.5%。已经发现,得到的权重与由两种描述的方法执行的分类很好地匹配。建议的方法用于根据世卫组织和粮农组织标准评估饮用水和农业用水的适用性。在研究的47口井中,只有5口井适合饮用,18口水井适合灌溉。此外,除了 TDS 之外,水样还具有高浓度的钠、硫酸盐、氯化物和锶的特征。得到的权重与由两种描述的方法执行的分类很好地匹配。建议的方法用于根据世卫组织和粮农组织标准评估饮用水和农业用水的适用性。在研究的47口井中,只有5口井适合饮用,18口水井适合灌溉。此外,除了 TDS 之外,水样还具有高浓度的钠、硫酸盐、氯化物和锶的特征。得到的权重与由两种描述的方法执行的分类很好地匹配。建议的方法用于根据世卫组织和粮农组织标准评估饮用水和农业用水的适用性。在研究的47口井中,只有5口井适合饮用,18口水井可以灌溉。此外,除了 TDS 之外,水样还具有高浓度的钠、硫酸盐、氯化物和锶的特征。
更新日期:2020-12-01
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