Spermatogenesis is highly orchestrated and involves the differentiation of diploid spermatogonia into haploid sperm. The process is driven by spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). SSCs undergo mitotic self-renewal, whereas sub-populations undergo differentiation and later gain competence to initiate meiosis. Here, we describe a high-resolution single-cell RNA-seq atlas of cells derived from Cynomolgus macaque testis. We identify gene signatures that define spermatogonial populations and explore self-renewal versus differentiation dynamics. We detail transcriptional changes occurring over the entire process of spermatogenesis and highlight the concerted activity of DNA damage response (DDR) pathway genes, which have dual roles in maintaining genomic integrity and effecting meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI). We show remarkable similarities and differences in gene expression during spermatogenesis with two other eutherian mammals, i.e., mouse and humans. Sex chromosome expression in the male germline in all three species demonstrates conserved features of MSCI but divergent multicopy and ampliconic gene content.

精子发生高度协调，涉及将二倍体精原细胞分化为单倍体精子。该过程由精原干细胞（SSC）驱动。SSC经历有丝分裂自我更新，而亚群经历分化并随后获得启动减数分裂的能力。在这里，我们描述了源自食蟹猴的高分辨率细胞单细胞RNA-seq图集猕猴 我们确定定义精原细胞种群的基因特征，并探索自我更新与分化动力学。我们详细介绍了在整个精子发生过程中发生的转录变化，并突出了DNA损伤反应（DDR）通路基因的协调活动，该基因在维持基因组完整性和影响减数分裂性染色体失活（MSCI）中具有双重作用。我们显示了在精子发生过程中与另外两个欧亚哺乳动物，即小鼠和人类在基因表达上的显着相似性和差异。这三个物种在雄性种系中的性染色体表达均表现出MSCI的保守特征，但多拷贝和两性基因含量不同。