This paper focuses on the social hallmarks of aging including low lifetime socioeconomic status, adversity in childhood and adulthood, being a member of a minority group, adverse health behaviors, and adverse psychological states. The “Social Hallmarks of Aging” are analogous to the “Geroscience Hallmarks of Aging” in reflecting a set of underlying and interrelated social causes of multiple age-related health outcomes. The paper presents empirical work incorporating the social hallmarks of aging with indicators of multiple biological hallmarks of aging as well as downstream biology in explaining a range of health outcomes. Results show the relative strength of the associations of social and biological measures with important health outcomes. Social factors are strongly related to physical and cognitive functioning and multimorbidity in this older population; this remains true when the significant number of biological measures are controlled. These results can be interpreted to mean that a significant amount of the social variance in age-related health outcomes is not explained by these measures of biology. Indicators of the geroscience hallmarks of aging only relate modestly to the variability in human health outcomes. Attention to the social hallmarks related to human aging can usefully be incorporated into work on the biological hallmarks of aging to make greater progress in understanding human aging.

本文重点关注老龄化的社会特征，包括终生社会经济地位低下、童年和成年期的逆境、成为少数群体的成员、不良的健康行为和不良的心理状态。“衰老的社会标志”类似于“衰老的老年科学标志”，反映了一系列与年龄相关的健康结果的潜在和相互关联的社会原因。本文介绍了将衰老的社会特征与衰老的多个生物学特征指标以及下游生物学结合起来的实证工作，以解释一系列健康结果。结果显示了社会和生物学措施与重要健康结果的关联的相对强度。社会因素与这一老年人群的身体和认知功能以及多种疾病密切相关；当大量生物措施受到控制时，情况仍然如此。这些结果可以解释为，这些生物学测量无法解释与年龄相关的健康结果的大量社会差异。衰老的老年科学标志的指标仅与人类健康结果的可变性适度相关。对与人类衰老相关的社会特征的关注可以有效地纳入衰老生物学特征的研究中，从而在理解人类衰老方面取得更大进展。这些结果可以解释为，这些生物学测量无法解释与年龄相关的健康结果的大量社会差异。衰老的老年科学标志的指标仅与人类健康结果的可变性适度相关。对与人类衰老相关的社会特征的关注可以有效地纳入衰老生物学特征的研究中，从而在理解人类衰老方面取得更大进展。这些结果可以解释为，这些生物学测量无法解释与年龄相关的健康结果的大量社会差异。衰老的老年科学标志的指标仅与人类健康结果的可变性适度相关。对与人类衰老相关的社会特征的关注可以有效地纳入衰老生物学特征的研究中，从而在理解人类衰老方面取得更大进展。