BACKGROUND The use of nanomaterials for the efficient delivery of active species in viticulture is still an unexplored opportunity. Nitrogen, an essential nutrient for grapevine development and wine quality, is commonly provided in the form of urea. However, the application of conventional fertilisers contributes to nitrate leaching and denitrification, thus polluting groundwater and causing a serious environmental impact. Nanotechnology is offering smart solutions towards more sustainable and efficient agriculture. In the present work, we assessed the efficiency of nontoxic amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoparticles as nanocarriers of urea (U-ACP) through field experiments on Tempranillo grapevines. Four treatments were foliarly applied: U-ACP nanofertiliser (0.4 kg N/ha), commercial urea solutions at 3 and 6 kg N/ha and a control treatment (water). RESULTS The grapes harvested from plants treated with U-ACP (0.4 kg N/ha) and U6 (6 kg N/ha) provided similar levels of yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), despite the huge reduction of nitrogen dosage. The concentration of the amino acids was greater in U-ACP treated plants than those of the control and U3 (3 kg N/ha) treatments and, barring a few exceptions, the values were comparable with those observed in grapes obtained following U6 treatment. Nanofertilisers provided a high arginine concentration in the musts but low proline concentrations in comparison to the U6 treatment. CONCLUSIONS This work shows the potential benefits of nanotechnology over conventional practices for nitrogen fertilisation. Significantly, the application of U-ACP allowed a considerable reduction of nitrogen dosage to maintain the quality of the harvest, thereby mitigating the environmental impact. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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迈向更可持续的葡萄栽培：在丹魄葡萄上叶面喷施氮掺杂磷酸钙纳米颗粒

背景技术在葡萄栽培中使用纳米材料有效递送活性物种仍然是一个未开发的机会。氮是葡萄树发育和葡萄酒品质的必需营养素，通常以尿素的形式提供。然而，常规肥料的施用会导致硝酸盐浸出和反硝化，从而污染地下水并造成严重的环境影响。纳米技术正在为更可持续和更高效的农业提供智能解决方案。在目前的工作中，我们通过丹魄葡萄藤的田间实验评估了无毒无定形磷酸钙 (ACP) 纳米颗粒作为尿素纳米载体 (U-ACP) 的效率。叶面施用四种处理：U-ACP 纳米肥料（0.4 kg N/ha），3 和 6 kg N/ha 的商业尿素溶液和对照处理（水）。结果 从用 U-ACP (0.4 kg N/ha) 和 U6 (6 kg N/ha) 处理的植物收获的葡萄提供了相似水平的酵母可同化氮 (YAN)，尽管氮用量大幅减少。U-ACP 处理的植物中的氨基酸浓度高于对照和 U3（3 kg N/ha）处理的氨基酸浓度，除了少数例外，这些值与在 U6 处理后获得的葡萄中观察到的值相当。与 U6 处理相比，纳米肥料在葡萄汁中提供了高精氨酸浓度但低脯氨酸浓度。结论 这项工作显示了纳米技术相对于传统施氮方法的潜在优势。显着地，U-ACP 的应用大大减少了氮用量，以保持收获的质量，从而减轻对环境的影响。本文受版权保护。版权所有。