ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers are enigmatic macromolecular machines that govern the arrangement and composition of nucleosomes across eukaryotic genomes. Here, we review the recent breakthrough provided by cryo-electron microscopy that reveal the first high-resolution insights into all four families of remodelers. We highlight the emerging structural and mechanistic principles with a particular focus on multi-subunit SWI/SNF and INO80/SWR1 complexes. A conserved architecture comprising a motor, rotor, stator and grip suggests a unifying mechanism for how stepwise DNA translocation enables large scale reconfigurations of nucleosomes. A molecular circuitry involving the nuclear actin containing module establishes a framework for understanding allosteric regulation. Remodelers emerge as programable hubs that enable differential processing of genetic and epigenetic information in response to the physiological state of a cell.

中文翻译：

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Megadalton 染色质重塑剂：通用功能的通用原则。

依赖 ATP 的染色质重塑剂是神秘的大分子机器，控制着真核生物基因组中核小体的排列和组成。在这里，我们回顾了最近由冷冻电子显微镜提供的突破，它揭示了对所有四个重塑家族的第一次高分辨率洞察。我们强调了新兴的结构和机械原理，特别关注多亚基 SWI/SNF 和 INO80/SWR1 复合物。包含电机、转子、定子和手柄的保守结构表明了一种统一机制，用于逐步 DNA 易位如何实现核小体的大规模重构。涉及含有核肌动蛋白的模块的分子电路为理解变构调节建立了框架。