Dispersal is well recognized as a major driver of evolutionary processes in local populations. Nevertheless, dispersal abilities should also be perceived as a life‐history trait, being subject to evolutionary changes in response to various drivers. Empirical studies investigating these drivers rarely consider that they may influence male and female dispersal differently. The purpose of our study was to document intersexual differences in density‐dependent emigration from local habitat patches. As a model system, we used a metapopulation of Maculinea (Phengaris) teleius butterfly, in which densities of both sexes vary greatly throughout the flying season. Following intensive mark–release–recapture surveys, the parameters and predictors of dispersal were analysed with the Virtual Migration model and the multi‐state recapture model. The emigration rate in males was substantially higher in the early season, especially at smaller habitat patches. With the proportion of females increasing with the season progression, males became reluctant to emigrate from their natal patches. In turn, higher female emigration in the later part of the season was most strongly associated with female tendency to reduce intraspecific competition experienced by their offspring. Our findings provide evidence for the impact of reproductive strategies on dispersal in both sexes. The difference in reproductive strategies of males and females explains sex‐biased dispersal in different parts of the season, which carries important implications for metapopulation functioning.

中文翻译：

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密度依赖性扩散的两性差异及其进化驱动因素

扩散被公认为当地种群进化过程的主要驱动力。然而，传播能力也应该被视为一种生活史特征，随着各种驱动因素的反应而发生进化变化。调查这些驱动因素的实证研究很少考虑到它们可能会以不同的方式影响男性和女性的传播。我们研究的目的是记录来自当地栖息地斑块的密度依赖移民的两性差异。作为模型系统，我们使用了 Maculinea (Phengaris) Teleius 蝴蝶的集合种群，其中两性的密度在整个飞行季节变化很大。在密集的标记-释放-重新捕获调查之后，使用虚拟迁移模型和多状态重新捕获模型分析了扩散的参数和预测因子。雄性的迁徙率在早期明显更高，尤其是在较小的栖息地斑块。随着雌性的比例随着季节的推移而增加，雄性变得不愿意从他们的出生地迁徙。反过来，本季后期雌性迁徙的增加与雌性减少后代经历的种内竞争的倾向最密切相关。我们的研究结果为生殖策略对两性传播的影响提供了证据。雄性和雌性生殖策略的差异解释了季节不同部分的性别偏见扩散，这对复合种群功能具有重要意义。随着雌性的比例随着季节的推移而增加，雄性变得不愿意从他们的出生地迁徙。反过来，本季后期雌性迁徙的增加与雌性减少后代经历的种内竞争的倾向最密切相关。我们的研究结果为生殖策略对两性传播的影响提供了证据。雄性和雌性生殖策略的差异解释了季节不同部分的性别偏见扩散，这对复合种群功能具有重要意义。随着雌性的比例随着季节的推移而增加，雄性变得不愿意从他们的出生地迁徙。反过来，本季后期雌性迁徙的增加与雌性减少后代经历的种内竞争的倾向最密切相关。我们的研究结果为生殖策略对两性传播的影响提供了证据。雄性和雌性生殖策略的差异解释了季节不同部分的性别偏见扩散，这对复合种群功能具有重要意义。在本季后期，更多的雌性迁徙与雌性减少其后代经历的种内竞争的倾向最密切相关。我们的研究结果为生殖策略对两性传播的影响提供了证据。雄性和雌性生殖策略的差异解释了季节不同部分的性别偏见扩散，这对复合种群功能具有重要意义。在本季后期，更多的雌性迁徙与雌性减少其后代经历的种内竞争的倾向最密切相关。我们的研究结果为生殖策略对两性传播的影响提供了证据。雄性和雌性生殖策略的差异解释了季节不同部分的性别偏见扩散，这对复合种群功能具有重要意义。