Pavlovian conditioning procedures produce marked individual differences in the form of conditioned behavior. For example, when rats are given conditioning trials in which the temporary insertion of a lever into an operant chamber (the conditioned stimulus, CS) is paired with the delivery of food (the unconditioned stimulus, US), they exhibit knowledge of the lever-food relationship in different ways. For some rats (known as sign-trackers), interactions with the lever dominate, while for others (goal-trackers), approaching the food well dominates. A formal model of Pavlovian conditioning (HeiDI) attributes such individual differences in behavior to variations in the perceived salience of the CS and US. An application of the model in which the perceived salience of the CS declines (i.e., adapts) across its duration predicts changes in these individual differences within the presentation of the CS: The sign-tracking bias is predicted to decline and goal-tracking bias is predicted to increase across the presentation of a lever. The accuracy of these predictions was confirmed through analysis of archival data from female and male rats. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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条件刺激下条件行为性质的个体差异：模型的适应和应用。

巴甫洛夫条件反射程序以条件行为的形式产生显着的个体差异。例如，当大鼠接受条件试验时，将杠杆暂时插入操作室（条件刺激，CS）与食物的输送（无条件刺激，US）配对时，它们表现出对杠杆的了解——食物关系不同。对于一些老鼠（称为标志追踪器），与杠杆的交互占主导地位，而对于其他老鼠（目标追踪器），接近食物井占主导地位。巴甫洛夫条件反射 (HeiDI) 的正式模型将这种行为的个体差异归因于 CS 和 US 感知显着性的变化。模型的应用，其中 CS 的感知显着性下降（即，适应）在其持续时间内预测了 CS 呈现中这些个体差异的变化：预测符号跟踪偏差会下降，而目标跟踪偏差预计会随着杠杆的呈现而增加。通过分析来自雌性和雄性大鼠的档案数据，证实了这些预测的准确性。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。