Seasonal dynamics in symbiotic microbiomes have been investigated in a number of vertebrates and are mainly caused by changes in the diet (in the gut microbiome) or the living environment (in the skin microbiome). Most amphibian microbiome studies focus on the skin, whereas internal microbiome structure and dynamics are often overlooked. The present study investigated the seasonal dynamics in three types of symbiotic microbiomes (the skin, stomach, and gut) across four wild frog species, belonging to different families, in May and October. The frogs harbored more water source microbes in May than in October. On the contrary, the frogs harbored more soil source microbes in October than in May. The frog species investigated tend to live in a water environment in May to maintain body surface humidity at high environmental temperatures and to breed. In October, these four species prefer to live on the land, as the environmental temperature decreases, to prepare for hibernation in caves or under stones. Thus, seasonal changes in the wild amphibian symbiotic microbiome may be caused by the difference in microbe transmission from their living environment due to specific behaviors. This study demonstrated that the behavior and living environment of wild amphibians shape their symbiotic microbiome externally (on the skin) and internally (in the stomach and gut). We revealed the potential association between specific behaviors in poikilothermic animals and host symbiotic microbiomes.

中文翻译：

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两栖动物的行为影响他们的共生微生物群。

已经在许多脊椎动物中研究了共生微生物群的季节性变化，这主要是由于饮食（肠道微生物组）或生活环境（皮肤微生物组）的变化所致。大多数两栖微生物组研究集中在皮肤上，而内部微生物组的结构和动力学常常被忽略。本研究调查了五月和十月三种不同物种的四种野生蛙物种中三种共生微生物群（皮肤，胃和肠）的季节性动态。与五月份相比，五月份的青蛙藏有更多的水源微生物。相反，十月份的青蛙比五月份的土壤微生物含量更高。被调查的青蛙种类倾向于在5月生活在水环境中，以在高温下维持体表湿度并繁殖。在十月，随着环境温度的降低，这四个物种更愿意在陆地上生活，以准备在洞穴或石头下冬眠。因此，野生两栖类共生微生物组的季节性变化可能是由于特定行为导致微生物从其生存环境传播的差异所致。这项研究表明，野生两栖动物的行为和生活环境在外部（在皮肤上）和内部（在胃和肠中）塑造了它们的共生微生物组。我们揭示了poikilothermic动物中的特定行为与宿主共生微生物组之间的潜在关联。由于特定行为，野生两栖共生微生物组的季节性变化可能是由于微生物从其生存环境传播的差异引起的。这项研究表明，野生两栖动物的行为和生活环境在外部（在皮肤上）和内部（在胃和肠中）塑造了它们的共生微生物组。我们揭示了poikilothermic动物中的特定行为与宿主共生微生物组之间的潜在关联。由于特定行为，野生两栖共生微生物组的季节性变化可能是由于微生物从其生存环境传播的差异引起的。这项研究表明，野生两栖动物的行为和生活环境在外部（在皮肤上）和内部（在胃和肠中）塑造了它们的共生微生物组。我们揭示了poikilothermic动物中的特定行为与宿主共生微生物组之间的潜在关联。