Over the past few years several methodological and data-driven advances have greatly improved our ability to robustly detect genomic signatures of selection in humans. New methods applied to large samples of present-day genomes provide increased power, while ancient DNA allows precise estimation of timing and tempo. However, despite these advances, we are still limited in our ability to translate these signatures into understanding about which traits were actually under selection, and why. Combining information from different populations and timescales may allow interpretation of selective sweeps. Other modes of selection have proved more difficult to detect. In particular, despite strong evidence of the polygenicity of most human traits, evidence for polygenic selection is weak, and its importance in recent human evolution remains unclear. Balancing selection and archaic introgression seem important for the maintenance of potentially adaptive immune diversity, but perhaps less so for other traits.

中文翻译：

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过去四万年人类的适应。

在过去的几年里，一些方法论和数据驱动的进步极大地提高了我们稳健地检测人类选择的基因组特征的能力。应用于当今基因组大样本的新方法提供了更大的能力，而古代 DNA 则可以精确估计时间和节奏。然而，尽管取得了这些进步，我们将这些特征转化为理解哪些性状实际上受到选择以及为什么受到选择的能力仍然有限。结合来自不同人群和时间尺度的信息可以解释选择性扫描。事实证明，其他选择模式更难以检测。特别是，尽管有强有力的证据表明大多数人类性状具有多基因性，但多基因选择的证据却很薄弱，其在近期人类进化中的重要性仍不清楚。平衡选择和古老的基因渗入对于维持潜在的适应性免疫多样性似乎很重要，但对于其他性状来说可能不那么重要。