In 2 experiments, participants received a predictive learning task in which the presence of 1 or 2 food items signaled the onset or absence of stomachache in a hypothetical patient. Their task was to identify the cues that signaled the occurrence, or nonoccurrence of this ailment. The 2 groups in Experiment 1 and the single group in Experiment 2 received a blocking treatment, where Cue A and a combination of Cues A and X both signaled stomachache, A+ AX+. These groups also received a simple discrimination where the outcome was signaled by one compound but not another, BY+ CY-. Subsequent test trials revealed the so-called redundancy effect, where X was regarded as a more reliable predictor of the outcome than Y. This result occurred when the trials with A+ preceded those with AX+ (Group E, Experiment 1 and Experiment 2), and when the trials with A+ and AX+ were intermixed (Group C, Experiment 1). The results challenge theories based on the assumption that cues presented together must compete for a limited pool of associative strength. Rather, they are said to support theories that assume changes in attention determine what is learned when two or more cues are presented together. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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公共元素在冗余效应中的作用。

在2个实验中，参与者接受了一项预测性学习任务，其中1或2种食物的存在预示着假设患者的胃痛发作或不存在。他们的任务是确定表明该疾病发生或未发生的信号。实验1中的两组和实验2中的一组接受了阻断治疗，其中提示A以及提示A和X的组合均表示胃痛A + AX +。这些组还接受了简单的区分，其中结果由一种化合物而不是另一种化合物BY + CY-发出信号。随后的测试试验揭示了所谓的冗余效应，其中X被认为是比Y更可靠的预测指标。当A +的试验先于AX +的试验（E组，实验1和实验2）时，就会出现此结果。并混合使用A +和AX +进行的试验（组C，实验1）。结果基于以下假设而对理论提出了挑战，即提示一起提示必须竞争有限的关联强度。相反，据说它们支持理论，即假设注意力的改变决定了同时出现两个或更多线索时所学的知识。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。