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(p)ppGpp and Its Role in Bacterial Persistence: New Challenges.
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ( IF 4.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-21 , DOI: 10.1128/aac.01283-20
Olga Pacios 1 , Lucia Blasco 1 , Inés Bleriot 1 , Laura Fernandez-Garcia 1 , Antón Ambroa 1 , María López 1, 2 , German Bou 1 , Rafael Cantón 3 , Rodolfo Garcia-Contreras 4 , Thomas K Wood 5 , Maria Tomás 6
Affiliation  

Antibiotic failure not only is due to the development of resistance by pathogens but can also often be explained by persistence and tolerance. Persistence and tolerance can be included in the “persistent phenotype,” with high relevance for clinics. Two of the most important molecular mechanisms involved in tolerance and persistence are toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules and signaling via guanosine pentaphosphate/tetraphosphate [(p)ppGpp], also known as “magic spot.” (p)ppGpp is a very important stress alarmone which orchestrates the stringent response in bacteria; hence, (p)ppGpp is produced during amino acid or fatty acid starvation by proteins belonging to the RelA/SpoT homolog family (RSH). However, (p)ppGpp levels can also accumulate in response to a wide range of signals, including oxygen variation, pH downshift, osmotic shock, temperature shift, or even exposure to darkness. Furthermore, the stringent response is not only involved in responses to environmental stresses (starvation for carbon sources, fatty acids, and phosphates or heat shock), but it is also used in bacterial pathogenesis, host invasion, and antibiotic tolerance and persistence. Given the exhaustive and contradictory literature surrounding the role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial persistence, and with the aim of summarizing what is known so far about the magic spot in this bacterial stage, this review provides new insights into the link between the stringent response and persistence. Moreover, we review some of the innovative treatments that have (p)ppGpp as a target, which are in the spotlight of the scientific community as candidates for effective antipersistence agents.

中文翻译:

(p)ppGpp及其在细菌持久性中的作用:新挑战。

抗生素失效不仅是由于病原体产生抗药性,而且常常可以用持久性和耐受性来解释。持久性和耐受性可以包括在“持久表型”中,与临床密切相关。耐受性和持久性涉及的两个最重要的分子机制是毒素-抗毒素(TA)模块和五磷酸鸟苷/四磷酸鸟嘌呤[(p)ppGpp]的信号传递,也称为“魔点”。(p)ppGpp是一种非常重要的应激警钟,它能协调细菌的严格反应;因此,(p)ppGpp是在氨基酸或脂肪酸饥饿期间由RelA / SpoT同源家族(RSH)的蛋白质产生的。但是,(p)ppGpp水平也会响应各种信号而累积,包括氧气变化,pH下降,渗透压,温度变化,甚至暴露在黑暗中。此外,严格的反应不仅涉及对环境压力的反应(碳源,脂肪酸和磷酸盐的饥饿或热休克),而且还用于细菌发病,宿主入侵以及抗生素耐受性和持久性。鉴于围绕(p)ppGpp在细菌持久性中的作用的详尽且自相矛盾的文献,并且目的是总结迄今为止在此细菌阶段中魔点的已知知识,本综述提供了对严格反应之间的联系的新见解。和坚持不懈。此外,我们回顾了一些以(p)ppGpp为目标的创新治疗方法,这些方法在科学界已成为有效抗持久剂的候选对象。严格的反应不仅涉及对环境压力的反应(碳源,脂肪酸和磷酸盐的饥饿或热休克),而且还用于细菌发病,宿主入侵以及抗生素耐受性和持久性。鉴于围绕(p)ppGpp在细菌持久性中的作用的详尽且相互矛盾的文献,并且目的是总结迄今为止在该细菌阶段中魔点的已知知识,本综述提供了对严格反应之间的联系的新见解。和坚持不懈。此外,我们回顾了一些以(p)ppGpp为目标的创新治疗方法,这些方法在科学界已成为有效抗持久剂的候选对象。严格的反应不仅涉及对环境压力的反应(碳源,脂肪酸和磷酸盐的饥饿或热休克),而且还用于细菌发病,宿主入侵以及抗生素耐受性和持久性。鉴于围绕(p)ppGpp在细菌持久性中的作用的详尽且自相矛盾的文献,并且目的是总结迄今为止在此细菌阶段中魔点的已知知识,本综述提供了对严格反应之间的联系的新见解。和坚持不懈。此外,我们回顾了一些以(p)ppGpp为目标的创新治疗方法,这些方法在科学界已成为有效抗持久剂的候选对象。脂肪酸,磷酸盐或热休克),但也可用于细菌发病,宿主入侵以及抗生素耐受性和持久性。鉴于围绕(p)ppGpp在细菌持久性中的作用的详尽且自相矛盾的文献,并且目的是总结迄今为止在此细菌阶段中魔点的已知知识,本综述提供了对严格反应之间的联系的新见解。和坚持不懈。此外,我们回顾了一些以(p)ppGpp为目标的创新治疗方法,这些方法在科学界已成为有效抗持久剂的候选对象。脂肪酸,磷酸盐或热休克),但它也可用于细菌致病,宿主入侵以及抗生素耐受性和持久性。鉴于围绕(p)ppGpp在细菌持久性中的作用的详尽且自相矛盾的文献,并且目的是总结迄今为止在此细菌阶段中魔点的已知知识,本综述提供了对严格反应之间的联系的新见解。和坚持不懈。此外,我们回顾了一些以(p)ppGpp为目标的创新治疗方法,这些方法在科学界已成为有效抗持久剂的候选对象。鉴于围绕(p)ppGpp在细菌持久性中的作用的详尽且自相矛盾的文献,并且目的是总结迄今为止在此细菌阶段中魔点的已知知识,本综述提供了对严格反应之间的联系的新见解。和坚持不懈。此外,我们回顾了一些以(p)ppGpp为目标的创新治疗方法,这些方法在科学界已成为有效抗持久剂的候选对象。鉴于围绕(p)ppGpp在细菌持久性中的作用的详尽且自相矛盾的文献,并且目的是总结迄今为止在此细菌阶段中魔点的已知知识,本综述提供了对严格反应之间的联系的新见解。和坚持不懈。此外,我们回顾了一些以(p)ppGpp为目标的创新治疗方法,这些方法在科学界已成为有效抗持久剂的候选对象。
更新日期:2020-09-21
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