The lung is a central organ for immune-environmental interactions ranging from tolerance against harmless substances to protection against pathogens, which are particularly sensitive to regulation by the intestinal microbiota. Airborne fungi, can cause variety of diseases, including allergies and inflammatory disorders, as well as life-threatening invasive infections. Remarkable differences exist between ubiquitous fungal species with regard to protective immune mechanisms. Recent data have surprisingly identified Aspergillus-specific regulatory T cells as an essential tolerance checkpoint and provided mechanistic insight for the loss of tolerance in the course of immune pathologies. Furthermore, pathogenic Th17 cells in Aspergillus-associated inflammatory disease seem to be induced by cross-reactivity to the intestinal commensal Candida albicans. Here we review and discuss what is known about fungus-specific T cell responses in the lung how they are modulated by the gut-lung axis and in particular discussing the modulation of adaptive immune responses by cross-reactivity to the microbiota.

中文翻译：

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肺中的抗真菌T细胞反应和肠-肺轴调节。

肺是免疫环境相互作用的中心器官，范围从对无害物质的耐受性到对病原体的保护，对肠道菌群的调节特别敏感。空气传播的真菌会引起多种疾病，包括过敏和炎症性疾病，以及威胁生命的侵入性感染。就保护性免疫机制而言，无处不在的真菌种类之间存在显着差异。最近的数据令人惊讶地将曲霉特异性调节性T细胞鉴定为必不可少的耐受性检查点，并为免疫病理过程中的耐受性丧失提供了机械学见解。此外，曲霉相关的炎性疾病中的致病性Th17细胞似乎是由与肠道共生白色念珠菌的交叉反应诱导的。