The purpose of these practice guidelines is to offer and share strategies for preventing extravasation and measures for handling drugs known to cause tissue necrosis, which may occur even with the most skilled experts at intravenous (IV) injection. Herein, general knowledge about extravasation is first described, including its definition, incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and extravasation injuries. Management of extravasation includes nursing intervention and thermal application. At the first sign of extravasation, nursing intervention with following steps is recommended: stop administration of IV fluids immediately, disconnect the IV tube from the cannula, aspirate any remaining drug from the cannula, administer drug-specific antidote, and notify the physician. Local thermal treatments are used to decrease the site reaction and absorption of the infiltrate. Local cooling (ice packs) aids in vasoconstriction, theoretically limiting the drug dispersion. Although clear benefit has not been demonstrated with thermal applications, it remains a standard supportive care. The recommended application schedule for both warm and cold applications is 15 to 20 minutes, every 4 hours, for 24 to 48 hours. For prevention of extravasation, health professionals should be familiar with the extravasation management standard guidelines. They should regularly check the extravasation kit, assess patients’ sensory changes, tingling or burning, and always pay attention to patients’ words. The medical team’s continuous education on extravasation is essential. With the practical use of these guidelines, it is expected to reduce the occurrence rate of extravasation and contribute to patient care improvement.

中文翻译：

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外渗管理指南

这些实践指南的目的是提供和分享预防外渗的策略以及处理已知会导致组织坏死的药物的措施，即使是最熟练的静脉 (IV) 注射专家也可能发生这种情况。这里首先描述外渗的一般知​​识，包括其定义、发生率、危险因素、诊断、鉴别诊断和外渗损伤。外渗的管理包括护理干预和热应用。在出现外渗的第一个迹象时，建议采取以下步骤进行护理干预：立即停止静脉输液，断开静脉输液管与插管的连接，从插管中吸出任何剩余的药物，施用药物特异性解毒剂，并通知医生。局部热处理用于减少渗透物的部位反应和吸收。局部冷却（冰袋）有助于血管收缩，理论上限制了药物的分散。尽管热应用尚未显示出明显的益处，但它仍然是标准的支持性护理。热敷和冷敷的推荐应用时间表为 15 到 20 分钟，每 4 小时一次，持续 24 到 48 小时。为防止外渗，卫生专业人员应熟悉外渗管理标准指南。应定期检查外渗试剂盒，评估患者的感觉变化、刺痛或灼痛，并时刻注意患者的言语。医疗团队对外渗的持续教育是必不可少的。通过实际使用这些指南，