Eukaryotic cells face the challenging task of transporting a variety of particles through the complex intracellular milieu in order to deliver, distribute, and mix the many components that support cell function. In this review, we explore the biological objectives and physical mechanisms of intracellular transport. Our focus is on cytoplasmic and intra-organelle transport at the whole-cell scale. We outline several key biological functions that depend on physically transporting components across the cell, including the delivery of secreted proteins, support of cell growth and repair, propagation of intracellular signals, establishment of organelle contacts, and spatial organization of metabolic gradients. We then review the three primary physical modes of transport in eukaryotic cells: diffusive motion, motor-driven transport, and advection by cytoplasmic flow. For each mechanism, we identify the main factors that determine speed and directionality. We also highlight the efficie...

中文翻译：

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绕过细胞：细胞内世界的物理运输。

真核细胞面临着通过复杂的细胞内环境运输各种颗粒以递送、分配和混合支持细胞功能的多种成分的挑战性任务。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了细胞内转运的生物学目标和物理机制。我们的重点是全细胞规模的细胞质和细胞器内运输。我们概述了几个关键的生物学功能，这些功能依赖于跨细胞的物理运输成分，包括分泌蛋白的传递、细胞生长和修复的支持、细胞内信号的传播、细胞器接触的建立和代谢梯度的空间组织。然后我们回顾了真核细胞中三种主要的物理运输方式：扩散运动、电机驱动运输、和通过细胞质流动的平流。对于每种机制，我们确定了决定速度和方向性的主要因素。我们还强调效率...