For the past hundred years, mechanisms of change have been the black box of psychotherapy. Thousands of studies failed to produce consistent findings, even concerning factors considered crucial for treatment success by theoretical models and decades of clinical experience. This article introduces the distinction between trait-like (TL) and state-like (SL) components of any mechanism of change (the TLSL distinction) as a potential key to the black box of psychotherapy. TL refers to individual differences between patients; SL refers to changes occurring within the patient over the course of treatment. The TLSL distinction explains why past research, which conflated the two, has produced conflicting results, and predicts the conditions under which consistent results can be obtained. Data collected so far show support for the importance of the TLSL distinction and point the way toward personalized treatment. The TL components create the individual's signature pathology and strengths map, and determine the SL changes that represent the patient-specific mechanisms most critical for optimizing treatment efficacy for each individual. The TLSL distinction has the potential to explain not only how psychotherapy works, but also how changes of any type occur in the wake of intervention, life events, and other factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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走向个性化心理治疗：特征样/状态样区分对于理解治疗变化的重要性。

在过去的一百年里，改变机制一直是心理治疗的黑匣子。数以千计的研究未能产生一致的结果，甚至涉及理论模型和数十年临床经验认为对治疗成功至关重要的因素。本文介绍了任何变化机制的特征样（TL）和状态样（SL）成分之间的区别（TLSL区别）作为心理治疗黑匣子的潜在关键。TL是指患者之间的个体差异；SL 是指在治疗过程中患者体内发生的变化。TLSL 的区别解释了为什么将两者混为一谈的过去研究产生了相互矛盾的结果，并预测了可以获得一致结果的条件。迄今为止收集的数据显示了对 TLSL 区别重要性的支持，并为个性化治疗指明了方向。TL 组件创建个体的特征病理学和优势图，并确定代表患者特定机制的 SL 变化，这些变化对于优化每个个体的治疗效果最关键。TLSL 的区别不仅可以解释心理治疗的工作原理，还可以解释任何类型的变化如何在干预、生活事件和其他因素之后发生。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。并确定 SL 变化，这些变化代表了对优化每个个体的治疗效果最关键的患者特定机制。TLSL 的区别不仅可以解释心理治疗的工作原理，还可以解释任何类型的变化如何在干预、生活事件和其他因素之后发生。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。并确定 SL 变化，这些变化代表了对优化每个个体的治疗效果最关键的患者特定机制。TLSL 的区别不仅可以解释心理治疗的工作原理，还可以解释任何类型的变化如何在干预、生活事件和其他因素之后发生。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。