There is an urgent need for next-generation smoke research and forecasting (SRF) systems to meet the challenges of the growing air quality, health, and safety concerns associated with wildland fire emissions. This review paper presents simulations and experiments of hypothetical prescribed burns with a suite of selected fire behavior and smoke models and identifies major issues for model improvement and the most critical observational needs. The results are used to understand the new and improved capability required for the next-generation SRF systems and to support the design of the Fire and Smoke Model Evaluation Experiment (FASMEE) and other field campaigns. The next-generation SRF systems should have more coupling of fire, smoke, and atmospheric processes to better simulate and forecast vertical smoke distributions and multiple sub-plumes, dynamical and high-resolution fire processes, and local and regional smoke chemistry during day and night. The development of the coupling capability requires comprehensive and spatially and temporally integrated measurements across the various disciplines to characterize flame and energy structure (e.g., individual cells, vertical heat profile and the height of well mixing flaming gases), smoke structure (vertical distributions and multiple sub-plumes), ambient air processes (smoke eddy, entrainment and radiative effects of smoke aerosols), fire emissions (for different fuel types and combustion conditions from flaming to residual smoldering), as well as night-time processes (smoke drainage and super-fog formation).

中文翻译：

---

火灾行为和烟雾建模：下一代烟雾研究和预测系统的模型改进和测量需求

迫切需要下一代烟雾研究和预报 (SRF) 系统，以应对与野火排放相关的空气质量、健康和安全问题日益严重的挑战。这篇评论论文介绍了假设规定的燃烧的模拟和实验，其中包含一套选定的火灾行为和烟雾模型，并确定了模型改进的主要问题和最关键的观察需求。结果用于了解下一代 SRF 系统所需的新的和改进的能力，并支持火灾和烟雾模型评估实验 (FASMEE) 和其他现场活动的设计。下一代 SRF 系统应该有更多的火、烟和大气过程的耦合，以更好地模拟和预测垂直烟雾分布和多个子羽流，动态和高分辨率的火灾过程，以及白天和黑夜的局部和区域烟雾化学。耦合能力的发展需要跨越各个学科的全面、空间和时间综合测量，以表征火焰和能量结构（例如，单个细胞、垂直热分布和混合火焰气体的高度）、烟气结构（垂直分布和多重分布）。子羽流）、环境空气过程（烟雾涡流、烟雾气溶胶的夹带和辐射效应）、火灾排放（针对不同的燃料类型和燃烧条件，从燃烧到残余阴燃）以及夜间过程（排烟和超级-雾的形成）。