This article points out that the way the biblical myth of the Fall has been interpreted in the Judeo‐Christian tradition is a crucial heuristic in the works of Max Weber, an assessment that hitherto largely remained unnoticed. Nevertheless, Weber's understanding of everyday action is closely related to the various religious interpretations of what deprivations were suffered by humanity as a consequence of Adam's original sin and the paradisiacal yearning for salvation it engenders. Moreover, Weber's interpretation of the Fall is characteristic for his tragic sociology in the sense that it guarantees the freedom to subjectively create self‐conscious meaning that is, however, no longer embedded in a context of common knowledge. His solution to this epistemological problem involves a Nietzschean heroic existentialism whereby individuals give personality to one's character by freely choosing their own values. Yet, he also realizes that many will not be able to choose by themselves and, therefore, will be attracted by charismatic leaders that can invoke a paradisiacal community of choice. Weber's modern antinomical interpretation of the Fall is still relevant today because it provides insight in the epistemological underpinnings of the contemporary populist Zeitgeist.

中文翻译：

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马克斯·韦伯（Max Weber）的秋天对立面：天堂主义伦理学和民粹主义时代精神。

本文指出，犹太-基督教传统对《圣经》中的《秋天的神话》的解释是马克斯·韦伯著作中至关重要的启发式方法，这一评估迄今仍未引起人们的注意。尽管如此，韦伯对日常行为的理解与各种宗教解释密切相关，这些解释是由于亚当最初的罪过和人类对其救赎的渴望，人类遭受了什么剥夺。此外，韦伯对“堕落”的解释是其悲剧社会学的特征，因为它保证了主观创造自我意识的自由，然而，这种自我意识已不再嵌入普通知识的语境中。他对这一认识论问题的解决方案涉及尼采英雄主义的存在主义，即个人通过自由选择自己的价值观来赋予人格个性。但是，他还意识到，许多人将无法自行选择，因此，他们会被具有超凡魅力的领袖所吸引，这些领袖可以唤起一个天堂般的选择社区。韦伯对秋天的现代反义解释在今天仍然很重要，因为它提供了对当代民粹主义时代精神的认识论基础的见识。