This longitudinal study of Australian families (n = 1,884, from age 6-12) examined how fathers' and mothers' quantitative involvement (time spent on childcare) and qualitative involvement (specific parenting behaviors) relate to children's emotional adjustment development. We used dynamic structural equation modeling to disentangle stable between-family differences from within-family fluctuations in qualitative parenting and emotional adjustment, allowing us to investigate the direction of effects between parents and children. Because fathers have been theorized to contribute uniquely to emotional adjustment development, we examined differences between mothers and fathers and the interplay between parent and child sex. We further examined whether between-family differences in quantitative involvement, operationalized as joint (total) and relative (one parent does more) involvement, predict qualitative parenting behaviors and emotional adjustment and moderate the within-family interplay between them. Results revealed between-family correlations of qualitative involvement with emotional adjustment. Evidence for significant average within-family effects was limited to a parenting effect of maternal warmth, and several child effects, which indicated that emotional adjustment evokes changes in parenting. However, parenting effects varied substantially across families, especially for fathers. Between-family differences in quantitative involvement explained some of these differences. When joint quantitative involvement was higher, both parents engaged in more desirable qualitative parenting. When mothers were relatively more involved than fathers, fathers displayed less desirable qualitative parenting, and children were less well adjusted. There was some limited evidence that within-family predictive effects were moderated by quantitative involvement, particularly relative involvement. These findings suggest that all family members benefit from a more equal childcare distribution. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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与儿童情绪调整相关的母亲和父亲的定量和定性养育：家庭之间和家庭内的调查。

这项对澳大利亚家庭（n = 1,884，6-12 岁）的纵向研究调查了父亲和母亲的定量参与（花在育儿上的时间）和定性参与（特定的养育行为）与儿童情绪适应发展的关系。我们使用动态结构方程模型将稳定的家庭间差异与定性养育和情绪调整的家庭内部波动分开，使我们能够调查父母和孩子之间的影响方向。由于父亲被理论化为对情绪适应发展的独特贡献，我们研究了母亲和父亲之间的差异以及父母和孩子性别之间的相互作用。我们进一步检查了家庭间在数量参与方面的差异，操作化为共同（完全）和相对（一个父母做更多）参与，预测定性的养育行为和情绪调整，并调节他们之间的家庭内部相互作用。结果揭示了定性参与与情绪调整的家庭间相关性。显着平均家庭内部效应的证据仅限于母亲温暖的养育效应和几种儿童效应，这表明情绪调整会引起养育方式的变化。然而，养育子女的影响因家庭而异，尤其是对父亲而言。定量参与的家庭间差异解释了其中的一些差异。当共同定量参与度更高时，父母双方都从事更理想的定性育儿。当母亲比父亲更多地参与时，父亲表现出不太理想的定性养育方式，孩子也不太适应。有一些有限的证据表明，家庭内的预测效应受到定量参与，尤其是相对参与的影响。这些发现表明，所有家庭成员都受益于更平等的托儿服务分配。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。