Balanced time perspective (BTP) describes a tendency to focus on past, present and future time horizons that fosters well-being and positive life outcomes. Deviation from the balanced time perspective is a widespread method to measure the balance, but it makes assumptions regarding levels of time perspectives constituting BTP. In the present research we aimed to test the assumptions regarding levels of time perspectives constituting BTP by testing associations between time perspectives and domains of well-being in four independent samples (N = 1150). The results showed that higher well-being was fostered by greater past positive (PP) and future (F) and lower past negative (PN) and present fatalistic (PF) time perspectives in a linear manner. As for the present hedonistic (PH) perspective, the results were inconsistent indicating that this time orientation can be unrelated to well-being or related in an inverse U-shape manner. In the light of our results the optimal values for the deviation from the balanced time perspective, as measured with the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, should be revisited and changed into PN 1, PP 5, PF 1, PH 3.4, F 5, with careful consideration whether or not to incorporate PH into the formula for the deviation from the balanced time perspective at all. We also showed that the deviation from the balanced time perspective using the above values better predicts well-being than the one using previously assumed levels.

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什么是时间透视的最佳水平？偏离平衡时间视角 - 重访 (DBTP-r)

平衡时间观点 (BTP) 描述了一种关注过去、现在和未来时间范围的趋势，这些时间范围可以促进幸福感和积极的生活成果。偏离平衡时间视角是衡量平衡的一种普遍方法，但它对构成 BTP 的时间视角水平做出假设。在目前的研究中，我们旨在通过测试四个独立样本（N = 1150）中时间观点与幸福领域之间的关联来测试关于构成 BTP 的时间观点水平的假设。结果表明，更高的幸福感是由更大的过去积极 (PP) 和未来 (F) 以及更低的过去消极 (PN) 和现在宿命 (PF) 时间观点以线性方式促进的。至于目前的享乐主义（PH）观点，结果不一致，表明这个时间方向可能与幸福无关或以倒 U 形方式相关。根据我们的结果，使用津巴多时间透视清单测量的平衡时间透视偏差的最佳值应重新审视并更改为 PN 1、PP 5、PF 1、PH 3.4、F 5，并小心谨慎从平衡时间角度考虑是否将PH纳入公式中。我们还表明，使用上述值与平衡时间视角的偏差比使用先前假设水平的偏差更能预测幸福感。用津巴多时间视角清单衡量，应重新审视并更改为 PN 1、PP 5、PF 1、PH 3.4、F 5，并仔细考虑是否将 PH 纳入平衡时间视角的偏差公式根本。我们还表明，使用上述值与平衡时间视角的偏差比使用先前假设水平的偏差更能预测幸福感。用津巴多时间视角清单衡量，应重新审视并更改为 PN 1、PP 5、PF 1、PH 3.4、F 5，并仔细考虑是否将 PH 纳入平衡时间视角的偏差公式根本。我们还表明，使用上述值与平衡时间视角的偏差比使用先前假设水平的偏差更能预测幸福感。