Inbreeding costs can be high in haplodiploid hymenopterans due to their particular mechanism of sex determination (i.e., single-locus complementary sex-determination system, sl-CSD), as it can lead to the production of sterile males. Therefore, mechanisms contributing to reduced inbred matings can be beneficial. In this sense, asynchronous nest departure of sibling drones and gynes could reduce kin encounters in social hymenopterans. Using six observation colonies, we determined under field conditions the nest departure behaviour of sibling reproductives of the social wasp Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). We determined that sexuals leave the nests definitively and detected asynchronous departure not fixed to a particular caste at a seasonal scale in some colonies, as gynes or drones delayed their departure as a function of the departure of the opposite sex, depending on the colony. At a higher temporal resolution (i.e., within a day), we discovered that drones consistently began to leave nests 1 h before gynes and this difference was driven by those individuals that left on the same day as did the opposite-sex kin. Even though other mechanisms such as polyandry and differential dispersal could also be important at reducing inbred matings in the species, the observed departure patterns (i.e., in some colonies actually leave together with the opposite caste, while in others temporal segregation seems to occur) from nests could be complementary to the former and be important at reducing the negative effects of inbreeding in this invasive species.

中文翻译：

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入侵黄夹克 Vespula Germanica（膜翅目：Vespidae）中雌性和无人机的离巢行为

由于其特殊的性别决定机制（即单位点互补性别决定系统，sl-CSD），单倍体膜翅目昆虫的近交成本可能很高，因为它可能导致产生不育雄性。因此，有助于减少近交交配的机制可能是有益的。从这个意义上说，兄弟雄蜂和雌雄蜂的异步巢离开可以减少社会膜翅目昆虫的亲属接触。使用六个观察群体，我们在野外条件下确定了社会黄蜂兄弟繁殖的巢离开行为大黄蜂（膜翅目：黄蜂科）。我们确定有性动物明确地离开巢穴，并检测到在一些殖民地中，不同步的离开并不固定于季节性规模的特定种姓，因为女性或无人机根据异性的离开延迟了它们的离开，这取决于殖民地。在更高的时间分辨率下（即一天之内），我们发现雄蜂总是在 gynes 前 1 小时开始离开巢穴，这种差异是由那些与异性亲属在同一天离开的个体驱动的。尽管其他机制，如一妻多夫制和差异扩散对于减少该物种的近交交配也可能很重要，但观察到的离开模式（即，在某些群体中实际上与相反的种姓一起离开，