This paper investigates the effects of household air pollution (HAP) on child stunting in India using a sample of 206, 898 under‐five children from the latest National Family Health Survey (2015‐16). Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were used to understand the association of stunting by type of cooking fuel, separate kitchen, and indoor smoking in the household. Using clean cooking fuels (CCFs), having a separate kitchen, and being unexposed to smoking can reduce the prevalence of stunting by 4%, 1%, and 1%, respectively, from the current prevalence of stunting (38%). The probability of childhood stunting among children living in households using unclean cooking fuel (UCF) was significantly higher (OR‐1.16; 95% CI: 1.13‐1.19) than those living in households using CCF. Findings were similar results in the absence of separate kitchen (OR‐1.08; 95% CI: 1.05‐1.10) and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (OR‐1.06; 95% CI: 1.04‐1.08). Households using UCF had a 16% higher likelihood of stunting, while there was a strong gradient of HAP with stunting after controlling socioeconomic and demographic factors. Therefore, the LPG programs, such as the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana, may be crucial to reduce HAP and its adverse impact on stunting, and successively to achieve sustainable development goals.

中文翻译：

---

烹饪、吸烟和发育迟缓：印度家庭空气污染源对儿童成长的影响。

本文使用来自最新的全国家庭健康调查 (2015-16) 的 206、898 名五岁以下儿童的样本，调查了家庭空气污染 (HAP) 对印度儿童发育迟缓的影响。描述性统计和多变量分析用于了解不同烹饪燃料类型、独立厨房和家庭室内吸烟与发育迟缓之间的关联。使用清洁的烹饪燃料 (CCF)、拥有单独的厨房和不吸烟可以将发育迟缓的发生率从目前的发育迟缓发生率 (38%) 分别降低 4%、1% 和 1%。生活在使用不洁烹饪燃料 (UCF) 家庭的儿童发生儿童发育迟缓的概率明显高于生活在使用 CCF 家庭的儿童 (OR-1.16; 95% CI: 1.13-1.19)。在没有单独厨房（OR-1.08；95% CI：1.05-1.10）和暴露于环境烟草烟雾（OR-1.06；95% CI：1.04-1.08）的情况下，结果相似。使用 UCF 的家庭出现发育迟缓的可能性要高 16%，而在控制社会经济和人口因素后，发育迟缓的 HAP 出现强烈梯度。因此，液化石油气项目，例如Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana可能对减少 HAP 及其对发育迟缓的不利影响以及相继实现可持续发展目标至关重要。