Ludwig Boltzmann is one of the foremost responsible for the development of modern atomism in thermodynamics. His proposition was revolutionary not only because it brought a new vision for Thermodynamics, merging a statistical approach with Newtonian physics, but also because he produced an entirely new perspective on the way of thinking about and describing physical phenomena. Boltzmann dared to flirt with constructivism and realism simultaneously, by hypothesizing the reality of atoms and claiming an inherent probabilistic nature related to many particles systems. Boltzmann faced criticism from the positivists, who rejected the hypothesis of the atom as a matter of principle, and also from physicists, who rejected the idea of a classical bounded system that does not follow deterministic mechanical laws. We consider that Boltzmann thermodynamics has emerged as a systemic theory that deals with macroscopic bodies using collective variables; it was reformulated to a kinetic theory of gases, and subsequently to statistical mechanics. From the theoretical physical point of view, Boltzmann advocates an approach to thermodynamics based on mechanics and was one of the founders of statistical mechanics, together with ideas by Maxwell, Clausius and Gibbs. Subsequently, statistical mechanics has also influenced the development of quantum mechanics and information theory. Using an evolutionary epistemological perspective as a metaphor to describe the physical entities claimed in Boltzmann propositions, we interpret his work as a selected theory that gained attributes of reality and “survived” during a scientific-contextual competition to be more adapted, in the sense that it was able to better explain physical phenomena, and also generated “descendants”.

中文翻译：

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玻尔兹曼热力学原子论中的建构主义与实在论

路德维希·玻尔兹曼（Ludwig Boltzmann）是热力学中现代原子论发展的主要负责人之一。他的命题是革命性的，不仅因为它为热力学带来了新的视野，将统计方法与牛顿物理学相结合，还因为他对思考和描述物理现象的方式提出了全新的观点。通过假设原子的真实性并声称与许多粒子系统相关的固有概率性质，玻尔兹曼敢于同时与建构主义和现实主义调情。玻尔兹曼面临着实证主义者的批评，他们从原则上拒绝了原子的假设，也遭到了物理学家的批评，他们拒绝了不遵循确定性力学定律的经典有界系统的想法。我们认为玻尔兹曼热力学已经成为一种系统理论，它使用集体变量来处理宏观物体；它被重新表述为气体的动力学理论，随后被重新表述为统计力学。从理论物理的角度来看，玻尔兹曼提倡一种基于力学的热力学方法，是统计力学的奠基人之一，还有麦克斯韦、克劳修斯和吉布斯的思想。随后，统计力学也影响了量子力学和信息论的发展。使用进化认识论的观点作为比喻来描述玻尔兹曼命题中声称的物理实体，我们将他的工作解释为一个选定的理论，它获得了现实的属性，并在科学语境竞争中“幸存”了下来，以便更适应，