Surprise signals a discrepancy between past and current beliefs. It is theorized to be linked to affective experiences, the creation of particularly resilient memories, and segmentation of the flow of experience into discrete perceived events. However, the ability to precisely measure naturalistic surprise has remained elusive. We used advanced basketball analytics to derive a quantitative measure of surprise and characterized its behavioral, physiological, and neural correlates in human subjects observing basketball games. We found that surprise was associated with segmentation of ongoing experiences, as reflected by subjectively perceived event boundaries and shifts in neocortical patterns underlying belief states. Interestingly, these effects differed by whether surprising moments contradicted or bolstered current predominant beliefs. Surprise also positively correlated with pupil dilation, activation in subcortical regions associated with dopamine, game enjoyment, and long-term memory. These investigations support key predictions from event segmentation theory and extend theoretical conceptualizations of surprise to real-world contexts.

中文翻译：

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在观看自然主义体育比赛中的惊喜的行为，生理和神经特征

惊奇表明过去和现在的信念之间存在差异。从理论上讲，它与情感体验，特别具有弹性的记忆的创建以及将体验流分割为离散的感知事件相关联。但是，精确测量自然主义惊喜的能力仍然难以捉摸。我们使用了先进的篮球分析方法来得出定量的惊喜度量，并在观察篮球比赛的人类受试者中表征其行为，生理和神经相关性。我们发现，惊喜与进行中的经历的分段有关，这由主观感知的事件边界和信仰状态下的新皮质模式变化所反映。有趣的是，这些影响的不同之处在于令人惊讶的时刻是与当前的主流信念相矛盾还是得到了支持。惊奇还与瞳孔扩张，与多巴胺相关的皮层下区域的激活，游戏乐趣和长期记忆成正相关。这些研究支持事件分割理论的关键预测，并将惊喜的理论概念扩展到现实世界中。