Abstract Fusion reactors are considered an almost unlimited source of power for the future, with tritium [deuterium-tritium (D-T) mixture] being the most convenient fuel for these facilities. Due to tritium-specific features and its self-radioactivity there are a number of issues when handling a large amount of tritium for long-term operations of fusion reactors. This paper presents research results of tritium behavior in the D-T mixture and in the environment during operations at tritium facilities. The results provide the basis for an assessment of the future environmental effects of long-term operation of a fusion reactor/tritium facility. The results of experimental and modeling studies include tritium reactions with carbon oxides under radiolysis, radiolysis of DTO, tritium dispersion in atmosphere under rough terrain, tritium oxide washout from atmosphere, tritium oxidation in soil with soil bacteria, tritium oxide migration in the unsaturated soil layer, and tritium uptake by plants, crops, and lichens. Both experimental and observational data have been used to develop models to predict tritium behavior in the environment under similar conditions. The models have been verified and validated.

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长期氚供应的预期环境影响——经验教训

摘要 聚变反应堆被认为是未来几乎无限的动力来源，氚 [氘氚 (DT) 混合物] 是这些设施最方便的燃料。由于氚特有的特性及其自放射性，在为聚变反应堆的长期运行处理大量氚时存在许多问题。本文介绍了氚设施运行过程中 DT 混合物和环境中氚行为的研究结果。结果为评估聚变反应堆/氚设施长期运行的未来环境影响提供了基础。实验和建模研究的结果包括氚与碳氧化物在辐射分解下的反应、DTO 的辐射分解、崎岖地形下大气中氚的扩散、氚从大气中冲刷出来，土壤中的氚与土壤细菌一起氧化，不饱和土壤层中的氧化氚迁移，以及植物、作物和地衣对氚的吸收。实验和观测数据都已用于开发模型，以预测类似条件下环境中氚的行为。这些模型已经过验证和验证。