Land transformation is caused by natural as well as anthropogenic driving forces and its impact on the regional environment is a key issue in understanding the relationship between society and the environment. Here, we investigate Land Use Land Cover (LULC) change over four decades, based on Landsat satellite imagery for 1987, 1997, 2007, and 2017, for the Barddhaman district of West Bengal, India. In total, six land use and land cover types have been identified. Over the period in question, there are notable increases in the area under built-up land, plantations and water bodies, whereas there has been a marked decrease in forest cover, agricultural land, and in bare land. The diverse effects of land transformation on the natural environment have been assessed using Land Surface Temperature (LST), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), Effective Roughness Length (ERL), and Surface Albedo (SA). Overall, mean annual LST increased by 2.91°C during the study period, while there were reduced values for vegetation indices and an increase in the water index over the period 1987–2017. LAI and ERL both exhibit notable decreases, although the pattern was not uniform across the study area. For example, LAI values increased over time in the Kalna, Memari, Jamalpur, Ausgram, and Kanksa regions. In Faridpur-Durgapur, Raniganj, Asansol, and Raina, increases in surface albedo and ERL were more marked than in other regions. Negative correlations are found between LST-NDVI and NDVI-NDWI, while there is no correlation between LST and NDWI. During the period 1987–2017, NDVI values have declined, although the NDWI shows no clear trend. LULC change is shown to have had a series of negative impacts on the environment of the Barddhaman district. In response, technological, economic, policy, or legislation measures are needed to restore degraded ecosystem services in the district as well as other areas where similar impacts are experienced.

中文翻译：

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印度西孟加拉邦巴达曼区土地利用和土地覆盖变化对环境影响的遥感评估

土地转型是由自然和人为驱动力引起的，其对区域环境的影响是理解社会与环境关系的关键问题。在这里，我们根据 1987 年、1997 年、2007 年和 2017 年的 Landsat 卫星图像，调查了印度西孟加拉邦 Barddhaman 地区四十年来的土地利用土地覆盖 (LULC) 变化。总共确定了六种土地利用和土地覆盖类型。在此期间，建设用地、人工林和水体下面积显着增加，而森林覆盖、农用地和裸地面积显着减少。土地改造对自然环境的不同影响已使用地表温度 (LST)、归一化植被指数 (NDVI)、归一化差异水指数 (NDWI)、叶面积指数 (LAI)、有效粗糙度长度 (ERL) 和表面反照率 (SA)。总体而言，在研究期间，年平均 LST 增加了 2.91°C，而在 1987-2017 年期间，植被指数值下降，水指数增加。LAI 和 ERL 都表现出显着的下降，尽管整个研究区域的模式并不统一。例如，在 Kalna、Memari、Jamalpur、Ausgram 和 Kanksa 地区，LAI 值随着时间的推移而增加。在 Faridpur-Durgapur、Raniganj、Asansol 和 Raina，地表反照率和 ERL 的增加比其他地区更为明显。LST-NDVI 和 NDVI-NDWI 之间存在负相关，而 LST 和 NDWI 之间没有相关性。在 1987-2017 年期间，NDVI 值有所下降，尽管 NDWI 没有显示出明显的趋势。LULC 的变化已被证明对 Barddhaman 地区的环境产生了一系列负面影响。作为回应，需要采取技术、经济、政策或立法措施来恢复该地区以及其他经历类似影响的地区退化的生态系统服务。