The nervous system, which consists of a complex network of millions of neurons, is one of the most highly intricate systems in the body. This complex network is responsible for the physiological and cognitive functions of the human body. Following injuries or degenerative diseases, damage to the nervous system is overwhelming because of its complexity and its limited regeneration capacity. However, neural tissue engineering currently has some capacities for repairing nerve deficits and promoting neural regeneration, with more developments in the future. Nevertheless, controlling the guidance of stem cell proliferation and differentiation is a challenging step towards this goal. Nanomaterials have the potential for the guidance of the stem cells towards the neural lineage which can overcome the pitfalls of the classical methods since they provide a unique microenvironment that facilitates cell–matrix and cell–cell interaction, and they can manipulate the cell signaling mechanisms to control stem cells’ fate. In this article, the suitable cell sources and microenvironment cues for neuronal tissue engineering were examined. Afterward, the nanomaterials that impact stem cell proliferation and differentiation towards neuronal lineage were reviewed.

中文翻译：

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纳米材料集成到神经组织工程支架材料中的评论。

由数百万个神经元组成的复杂网络组成的神经系统是人体中最复杂的系统之一。这个复杂的网络负责人体的生理和认知功能。在受伤或发生退行性疾病之后，由于其复杂性和有限的再生能力，对神经系统的损害是压倒性的。但是，神经组织工程目前具有修复神经缺陷和促进神经再生的能力，并且在未来会有更多的发展。然而，控制干细胞增殖和分化的指导是朝着这一目标迈出的具有挑战性的一步。纳米材料具有引导干细胞向神经谱系发展的潜力，可以克服传统方法的陷阱，因为它们提供了独特的微环境，可以促进细胞-基质和细胞-细胞之间的相互作用，并且可以操纵细胞的信号传导机制。控制干细胞的命运。在本文中，研究了适合神经元组织工程的细胞来源和微环境提示。之后，综述了影响干细胞增殖和向神经元谱系分化的纳米材料。