Sponges play important roles in marine ecosystems by contributing to habitat complexity and benthopelagic coupling of nutrients. Yet, the reproduction and settlement behaviors of diverse sponge species are not well understood. Here, we examined the brooding demosponge Haliclona amboinensis, which is common on shallow reefs in Bolinao, northwestern Philippines. Gravid sponges were found between the months of May and August, coinciding with warmer sea surface temperature. Sponges released parenchymella larvae from brood chambers in the mid‐morning, suggesting that light and temperature may serve as cues to initiate hatching. Larvae immediately swam toward the surface upon emergence and migrated to the bottom of the tanks 1–2 hr after release. The presence of light and crustose coralline algae induced high larval settlement. Metamorphosis proceeded rapidly in vitro, with larval cells spreading laterally on the substrate. The osculum was first visible at 3 days after settlement. The short pelagic duration of larvae in H. amboinensis promotes local recruitment and may be important for the maintenance of sponge populations in the face of disturbances.

中文翻译：

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海绵Haliclona amboinensis幼虫的行为和发育

海绵通过增加栖息地的复杂性和营养的底盘上耦合而在海洋生态系统中发挥重要作用。然而，对各种海绵种类的繁殖和沉降行为还没有很好的了解。在这里，我们检查了孵化的s蒲Haliclona amboinensis常见于菲律宾西北部的波利瑙的浅礁。在5月至8月之间发现了粗糙的海绵，这与海面温度升高相吻合。海绵在清晨中旬从孵化室释放出薄壁薄壁幼虫，表明光和温度可能是引发孵化的线索。幼虫出苗后立即游向水面，并在释放后1-2小时移到水箱底部。轻度和c壳性珊瑚藻的存在导致幼虫高度沉降。体外，蜕变迅速进行，幼虫细胞在基底上横向扩散。在定居后第3天首次看到该小孔。博比氏藻幼体上浮游时间短 促进当地的招募工作，并且在面对骚乱时对于维持海绵种群可能很重要。