Biochar is an effective amendment for trace metal/metalloid (TMs) immobilization in soils. The capacity of biochar to immobilize TMs in soil can be positively or negatively altered due to the changes in the surface and structural chemistry of biochar after soil application. Biochar surfaces are oxidized in soils and induce structural changes through physical and biochemical weathering processes. These changes in the biochar surface and structural chemistry generally increase its ability to immobilize TMs, although the generation of dissolved black carbon during weathering may increase TM mobility. Moreover, biochar modification can improve its capacity to immobilize TMs in soils. Over the short-term, engineered/modified biochar exhibited increased TM immobilization capacity compared with unmodified biochar. In the long-term, no large distinctions in such capacities were seen between modified and unmodified biochars due to weathering. In addition, artificial weathering at laboratories also revealed increased TM immobilization in soils. Continued collection of mechanistic evidence will help evaluate the effect of natural and artificial weathering, and biochar modification on the long-term TM immobilization capacity of biochar with respect to feedstock and synthesis conditions in contaminated soils.

中文翻译：

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老化和风化对生物炭改良土壤中微量金属/准金属固定化的影响。

生物炭是土壤中痕量金属/类金属（TMs）固定的有效改良剂。施用土壤后，由于生物炭的表面和结构化学的变化，生物炭将TM固定在土壤中的能力可能会发生正向或负向变化。生物炭表面在土壤中被氧化，并通过物理和生化风化过程引起结构变化。生物炭表面和结构化学的这些变化通常会提高其固定TM的能力，尽管在风化过程中生成溶解的黑碳可能会增加TM的迁移率。此外，生物炭改性可以提高其将TM固定在土壤中的能力。在短期内，与未修饰的生物炭相比，工程/修饰的生物炭表现出更高的TM固定能力。在长期，由于风化，在改性和未改性的生物炭之间，在这种能力上没有发现很大的区别。此外，实验室的人工风化还表明TM在土壤中的固定化增加。继续收集机械证据将有助于评估自然风化和人工风化以及生物炭改性对受污染土壤中原料和合成条件的生物炭长期TM固定化能力的影响。