Abstract

Increasing demands in minimization of fire risks and meeting fire safety requirements by polymers require advances in knowledge of flame-retardant materials suitable for use in fire-retardancy applications. The present work represents the seminal review of alginate/polymer-based materials as flame retardants. Alginates are suitable for this application as they represent alternatives to petroleum-based polymer feedstocks. The content of the present work is structured into four sections: synthesis and structure, including alginate synthesis and modification by polymeric conjugation; properties, including four-stage mechanism of thermal degradation; applications, including commercial information on alginates and polymers; and flame retardancy, including comprehensive summaries of test methods and published data, discussion of key parameters, eight fire retardancy mechanisms, four char generation mechanisms, and extensive quantitative analysis of polymer char formation. The final section culminates in a first-principles approach to the prediction of quantitative polymer char formation. The goal of the review is to provide guidance for the application of alginates and alginates conjugated with fire-retardant polymers as a new generation flame retardant material.

摘要

为了使火灾风险最小化并满足聚合物对消防安全的要求越来越高，这要求对适用于阻燃应用的阻燃材料的知识有了新的发展。本工作代表了藻酸盐/聚合物基材料作为阻燃剂的开创性回顾。海藻酸盐适合于该应用，因为它们代表了石油基聚合物原料的替代品。本工作的内容分为四个部分：合成和结构，包括藻酸盐的合成和聚合物共轭改性；性质，包括热降解的四阶段机理；应用，包括有关藻酸盐和聚合物的商业信息；和阻燃性包括测试方法和公开数据的综合摘要，关键参数的讨论，八种阻燃机制，四种炭生成机理以及对聚合物炭形成的广泛定量分析。最后一部分以第一原理的方法最终预测了定量聚合物炭的形成。审查的目的是为藻酸盐和与阻燃聚合物共轭的藻酸盐作为新一代阻燃材料的应用提供指导。