As a result of human socioeconomic activity, industrial wastes have increased distressingly. Plastic pollution is globally distributed across the world due to its properties of buoyancy and durability. A big health hazard is the sorption of toxicants to plastic while traveling through the environment. Two broad classes of plastic‐related chemicals are of critical concern for human health—bisphenols and phthalates. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine‐disruptor compound (EDC) with estrogenic activity. It is used in the production of materials that are used daily. The endocrine modulating activity of BPA and its effects on reproductive health has been widely studied. BPA also has effects on the immune system; however, they are poorly investigated and the available data are inconclusive. Phthalates are also EDCs used as plasticizers in a wide array of daily‐use products. Since these compounds are not covalently bound to the plastic matrix, they easily leach out from it, leading to high human exposure. These compounds exert several cell effects through modulating different endocrine pathways, such as estrogen, androgen, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma, and arylhydrocarbon receptor pathways. The exposure to both classes of plastic derivatives during critical periods has detrimental effects on human health.

中文翻译：

---

微塑料成分如何影响免疫系统和对儿童健康的影响：关注癌症。

由于人类社会经济活动，工业废物急剧增加。由于其浮力和耐用性，塑料污染在全球范围内分布在世界各地。一个很大的健康危害是有毒物质在环境中传播时吸附到塑料上。两大类塑料相关化学品对人类健康至关重要——双酚和邻苯二甲酸盐。双酚 A (BPA) 是一种内分泌干扰物 (EDC)，具有雌激素活性。它用于生产日常使用的材料。BPA 的内分泌调节活性及其对生殖健康的影响已被广泛研究。BPA 对免疫系统也有影响；然而，对它们的调查并不充分，现有数据也没有定论。邻苯二甲酸盐也是 EDCs，在各种日常用品中用作增塑剂。由于这些化合物未与塑料基质共价结合，因此它们很容易从塑料基质中浸出，导致人体大量接触。这些化合物通过调节不同的内分泌途径发挥多种细胞作用，例如雌激素、雄激素、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 γ 和芳烃受体途径。在关键时期接触两类塑料衍生物会对人类健康产生不利影响。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ和芳基烃受体途径。在关键时期接触两类塑料衍生物会对人类健康产生不利影响。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ和芳基烃受体途径。在关键时期接触两类塑料衍生物会对人类健康产生不利影响。