Abstract The set of ancient lakes on Sulawesi, Indonesia, represents a unique global hotspot of aquatic biodiversity. These lakes have been recognized widely because of their high number of endemic species with specialized and distinctive morphological characters, life history and ecological adaptations. An interesting case of unusual life history involving brood care exists in the planorbid limpets of the genus Protancylus, which live exclusively as epizoans on the endemic pachychilid gastropod Tylomelania. We aimed to unravel the evolutionary and phylogeographical patterns of Protancylus from the Malili lakes and Lake Poso using two mitochondrial markers in an integrated framework that includes morphological, life-history and ecological data. At least three species of Protancylus evolved allopatrically, with a newly recognized species occurring in lakes Matano and Mahalona. All species are characterized by low morphological variation, shared life-history traits including a unique reproduction strategy. Our genetic data indicates that a drift-based geographic speciation mode correlates with the present distribution pattern. The initial diversification significantly predates the ages of the respective lakes and the lineages of Protancylus are significantly older than their corresponding Tylomelania ‘hosts’. The deep split between P. pileolus of Lake Poso and the populations in the Malili lakes is remarkable and hints to a very early separation in a time frame when Sulawesi reached its current composition. As colonization and onset of diversification is strikingly different in Tylomelania and the epizoic Protancylus, co-evolutionary components in this association can be excluded and both evolved largely independently. We discuss and compare our findings to other invertebrate assemblages in the ancient lakes of Sulawesi.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚苏拉威西古湖泊中生代淡水帽贝的多样化：巧合还是共同进化？

摘要 印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛上的一组古老湖泊代表了一个独特的全球水生生物多样性热点。这些湖泊因其大量具有特殊形态特征、生活史和生态适应性的特有物种而得到广泛认可。Protancylus 属的扁平帽贝存在一个涉及育雏护理的不寻常生活史的有趣案例，它们仅作为地方动物厚壁腹足动物 Tylomelania 上的表皮动物生活。我们的目标是在一个包括形态学、生活史和生态数据的综合框架中使用两个线粒体标记来解开来自 Malili 湖和 Poso 湖的 Protancylus 的进化和系统地理学模式。至少三种 Protancylus 异域进化，新发现的物种出现在马塔诺湖和马哈洛纳湖中。所有物种的特点是形态变异低，具有共同的生活史特征，包括独特的繁殖策略。我们的遗传数据表明，基于漂移的地理物种形成模式与目前的分布模式相关。最初的多样化显着早于各自湖泊的年龄，Protancylus 的谱系比它们相应的 Tylomelania“宿主”更古老。波索湖的 P.pileolus 与马利里湖中的种群之间的深刻分裂是显着的，这表明在苏拉威西岛达到其当前组成的时间范围内很早就分离了。由于在 Tylomelania 和流行的 Protancylus 中的殖民化和多样化的开始是显着不同的，这种关联中的共同进化成分可以被排除在外，并且两者在很大程度上都是独立进化的。 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 我们将我们的发现与苏拉威西岛古老湖泊中的其他无脊椎动物组合进行讨论和比较。