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An ecological framework for understanding the roles of Epichloë endophytes on plant defenses against fungal diseases
Fungal Biology Reviews ( IF 6 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-07 , DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.06.001
Luis I. Pérez , Pedro E. Gundel , Iñigo Zabalgogeazcoa , Marina Omacini

Plants harbor a wide diversity of microorganisms in their tissues. Some of them have a long co-evolutionary history with their hosts, likely playing a pivotal role in regulating the plant interaction with other microbes such as pathogens. Some cool-season grasses are symbiotic with Epichloë fungal endophytes that grow symptomless and systemically in aboveground tissues. Among the many benefits that have been ascribed to endophytes, their role in mediating plant interactions with pathogens has been scarcely developed. Here, we explored the effects of Epichloë fungal endophytes on the interaction of host grasses with fungal pathogens. We made a meta-analysis that covered a total of 18 host grass species, 11 fungal endophyte species, and 22 fungal pathogen species. We observed endophyte-mediated negative effects on pathogens in vitro and in planta. Endophyte negative effects on pathogens were apparent not only in laboratory but also in greenhouse and field experiments. Epichloë fungal endophytes had negative effects on pathogen growth and spores' germination. On living plants, endophytes reduced both severity and incidence of the disease as well as colonization and subsequent infection of seeds. Symbiosis with endophytes showed an inhibitory effect on debilitator and killer pathogens, but not on castrators, and this effect did not differ among biotrophic or necrotrophic lifestyles. We found that this protection can be direct through the production of fungistatic compounds, the competition for a common resource, or the induction of plant defenses, and indirect associated with endophyte-generated changes in the abiotic or the biotic environment. Several mechanisms operate simultaneously and contribute differentially to the reduction of disease within grass populations.



中文翻译:

一个生态框架,用于了解表皮内生菌在植物防御真菌疾病中的作用

植物在其组织中具有各种各样的微生物。其中一些与宿主有着悠久的共同进化史,可能在调节植物与其他微生物如病原体的相互作用中起着关键作用。一些凉季草与地上组织中无症状且全身生长的埃奇克洛真菌内生菌共生。在归因于内生菌的许多益处中,几乎没有发现它们在介导植物与病原体相互作用中的作用。在这里,我们探讨了Epichloë的影响真菌内生菌对宿主草与真菌病原体相互作用的影响。我们进行了荟萃分析,涵盖了总共18种寄主草种,11种真菌内生菌种和22种真菌病原体种。我们观察到内生菌介导的对体外植物体内病原体的负面影响。内生菌对病原体的负面影响不仅在实验室而且在温室和田间实验中也很明显。Epichloë真菌内生菌对病原体生长和孢子萌发具有负面影响。在有生命的植物上,内生菌降低了疾病的严重程度和发病率,并降低了定植和随后的种子感染。与内生菌共生显示出对衰弱和致病菌病原体的抑制作用,但对cast虫没有抑制作用,并且在生物营养或坏死性生活方式之间这种作用没有差异。我们发现,这种保护可以直接通过生产抑菌化合物,对公共资源的竞争,或植物防御的诱导和间接与内生菌在非生物或生物环境中产生的变化有关。几种机制同时起作用,并在减少草地种群中的疾病方面做出不同的贡献。

更新日期:2020-10-07
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