Simulation is becoming increasingly important in the development, testing and approval process in many areas of engineering, ranging from finite element models to highly complex cyber-physical systems such as autonomous cars. Simulation must be accompanied by model verification, validation and uncertainty quantification (VV&UQ) activities to assess the inherent errors and uncertainties of each simulation model. However, the VV&UQ methods differ greatly between the application areas. In general, a major challenge is the aggregation of uncertainties from calibration and validation experiments to the actual model predictions under new, untested conditions. This is especially relevant due to high extrapolation uncertainties, if the experimental conditions differ strongly from the prediction conditions, or if the output quantities required for prediction cannot be measured during the experiments. In this paper, both the heterogeneous VV&UQ landscape and the challenge of aggregation will be addressed with a novel modular and unified framework to enable credible decision making based on simulation models. This paper contains a comprehensive survey of over 200 literature sources from many application areas and embeds them into the unified framework. In addition, this paper analyzes and compares the VV&UQ methods and the application areas in order to identify strengths and weaknesses and to derive further research directions. The framework thus combines a variety of VV&UQ methods, so that different engineering areas can benefit from new methods and combinations. Finally, this paper presents a procedure to select a suitable method from the framework for the desired application.

从有限元模型到高度复杂的网络物理系统（例如自动驾驶汽车），仿真在许多工程领域的开发，测试和批准过程中变得越来越重要。仿真必须伴随模型验证，验证和不确定性量化（VV＆UQ）活动，以评估每个仿真模型的固有误差和不确定性。但是，VV＆UQ方法在应用程序区域之间存在很大差异。通常，主要挑战是在新的，未经测试的条件下，从校准和验证实验到实际模型预测的不确定性汇总。由于实验推断条件与预测条件有很大差异，因此由于较高的外推不确定性，这一点尤其重要，或者在实验期间无法测量预测所需的输出量。在本文中，将使用新颖的模块化和统一框架来解决异构VV＆UQ环境和聚合的挑战，以基于仿真模型进行可靠的决策。本文对来自许多应用领域的200多种文献资源进行了全面调查，并将其嵌入统一框架中。此外，本文还对VV＆UQ方法及其应用领域进行了分析和比较，以找出优缺点并得出进一步的研究方向。因此，该框架结合了各种VV＆UQ方法，因此不同的工程领域可以从新方法和组合中受益。最后，