Abstract Graphene, a single-atom thick, two-dimensional carbon material with remarkable properties is heavily used in advanced functional applications. However, production quality and processes are of concern, and the need for post-modification leads to high cost. Here, a novel production and simultaneous functionalization of few-layer graphene oxide-like nanosheets (FLGON) via a green process from biocarbons (BC) was synthesized. These nanosheets exhibit high crystallinity and flexibility, with few layer thickness of 3.67 nm and stiffness of 40 GPa. They are highly dispersible, forming a stable suspension in aqueous solutions due to abundant oxygen functional groups (34% oxygen content) on the surface structure. The lateral dimension of the nanosheets was estimated to be around 350 nm which was corroborated by the particle size analysis. Zeta potential was observed to remain the same regardless of the oxygenation of the BC at around 31 mV, indicating no formation of ions. A d-spacing of 0.339 nm indicated oxidation of the outer layers and edges of the FLGON with some interlayer oxidation. Properties of the FLGON suggest that it has potential applications in sensors, oxygen scavenging, nanocomposites and as a precursor for further modification. The sustainability of the biocarbons and environmentally friendly production process widens its application potential with reduced concern for economic sustainability.

中文翻译：

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通过绿色工艺从生物碳中制备纳米结构氧化石墨烯类几层片材并使其功能化

摘要 石墨烯是一种单原子厚的二维碳材料，具有卓越的性能，被大量用于高级功能应用。然而，生产质量和工艺受到关注，并且需要后期修改导致成本高昂。在这里，通过生物碳（BC）的绿色工艺合成了少层氧化石墨烯纳米片（FLGON）的新型生产和同步功能化。这些纳米片表现出高结晶度和柔韧性，层厚仅为 3.67 nm，刚度为 40 GPa。由于表面结构上有丰富的氧官能团（34% 的氧含量），它们具有高度分散性，可在水溶液中形成稳定的悬浮液。纳米片的横向尺寸估计约为 350 nm，这得到了粒度分析的证实。观察到 Zeta 电位保持不变，无论 BC 在 31 mV 左右如何氧化，表明没有形成离子。0.339 nm 的 d 间距表明 FLGON 的外层和边缘发生了一些层间氧化。FLGON 的特性表明它在传感器、除氧、纳米复合材料和作为进一步改性的前体方面具有潜在的应用。生物碳的可持续性和环保生产过程扩大了其应用潜力，同时减少了对经济可持续性的关注。FLGON 的特性表明它在传感器、除氧、纳米复合材料和作为进一步修饰的前体方面具有潜在的应用。生物碳的可持续性和环保生产过程扩大了其应用潜力，同时减少了对经济可持续性的关注。FLGON 的特性表明它在传感器、除氧、纳米复合材料和作为进一步改性的前体方面具有潜在的应用。生物碳的可持续性和环保生产过程扩大了其应用潜力，同时减少了对经济可持续性的关注。