Whilst climate change is transforming the Arctic into a navigable ocean where small ice floes are floating on the sea surface, the effect of such ice conditions on ship performance has yet to be understood. The present work combines a set of numerical methods to simulate the ship-wave-ice interaction in such ice conditions. Particularly, Computational Fluid Dynamics is applied to provide fluid solutions for the floes and it is incorporated with the Discrete Element Method to govern ice motions and account for ship-ice/ice-ice collisions, by which, the proposed approach innovatively includes ship-generated waves in the interaction. In addition, this work provides two algorithms that can implement computational models with natural ice-floe fields, which takes floe size distribution and randomness into consideration thus achieving high-fidelity modelling of the problem. Following validation against experiments, the model is shown accurate in predicting the ice-floe resistance of a ship, and then a series of simulations are performed to investigate how the resistance is influenced by ship speed, ice concentration, ice thickness and floe diameter. This paper presents a useful approach that can provide power estimates for Arctic shipping and has the potential to facilitate other polar engineering purposes.

中文翻译：

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在浮冰中作业时的船舶阻力：CFD&DEM 组合方法

虽然气候变化正在将北极转变为可通航的海洋，海面上漂浮着小浮冰，但这种冰况对船舶性能的影响仍有待了解。目前的工作结合了一组数值方法来模拟这种冰条件下的船-波-冰相互作用。特别是，计算流体动力学被应用于为浮冰提供流体解决方案，并与离散元方法相结合来控制冰运动并解释船冰/冰冰碰撞，其中，所提出的方法创新地包括船舶产生的互动中的波浪。此外，这项工作提供了两种算法，可以实现自然浮冰场的计算模型，它考虑了絮状物的大小分布和随机性，从而实现了问题的高保真建模。经过实验验证，该模型能够准确预测船舶的浮冰阻力，然后进行一系列模拟以研究阻力如何受船速、冰浓度、冰厚度和浮冰直径的影响。本文提出了一种有用的方法，可以为北极航运提供功率估计，并有可能促进其他极地工程目的。冰厚度和浮冰直径。本文提出了一种有用的方法，可以为北极航运提供功率估计，并有可能促进其他极地工程目的。冰厚度和浮冰直径。本文提出了一种有用的方法，可以为北极航运提供功率估计，并有可能促进其他极地工程目的。