Abstract Intensive fishing that selects for large and old individuals can have pervasive effects on traits directly associated with the fecundity and survival of the target species. The observed reduction in fish body size can result in earlier sexual maturity at a smaller body size, leading to a lower individual reproductive output and population productivity in the long term. In addition, increased predation can induce similar responses in age and size at maturity due to the release of intraspecific competition and the lower population density. Thus, the combined impact of fisheries and predation is more difficult to predict due to their competition for fish, ultimately limiting and directing the prey size selectivity of each competitor. This can lead to various responses of fish on individual and population levels, depending on how the impacts of fisheries and predation affect each other. To explore this topic, we used an individual-based model to investigate the responses of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) to the coupled pressures of the prevailing fishing regime and predation by bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) as a study system. By simulating the growth trajectories of hake with consideration to its pronounced sexual size dimorphism (SSD), we applied Holling’s Type II and III functional responses (FRII and FRIII, respectively) and the Rosenzweig-MacArthur predator model to describe prey–predator dynamics. Our results demonstrate how the intensity, duration, and prey sizes selected by predation and fisheries determine the potential for evolutionary changes in hake life-history traits. Additionally, pronounced SSD in hake as well as the predation type play a pivotal role in hake resilience and recovery following a period of overexploitation. Different types of predation reveal the discrepancy in the intensity of competition between predators and fisheries for fish, as well as predator survival, which is relevant for sustainable fisheries management and effective predator conservation strategies.

中文翻译：

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探索捕捞和捕食耦合作用下的个体和种群生态进化反馈

摘要 选择大型和老年个体的集约化捕捞会对与目标物种的繁殖力和存活率直接相关的性状产生普遍影响。观察到的鱼体尺寸的减少可能导致体型较小的性成熟提前，从长远来看会导致个体繁殖产量和种群生产力降低。此外，由于种内竞争的释放和较低的种群密度，增加的捕食可以在成熟时引起类似的年龄和大小反应。因此，由于对鱼类的竞争，渔业和捕食的综合影响更难以预测，最终限制和指导每个竞争者的猎物大小选择性。这会导致鱼类在个体和种群水平上的各种反应，取决于渔业和捕食的影响如何相互影响。为了探索这个主题，我们使用一个基于个体的模型来研究欧洲无须鳕 (Merluccius merluccius) 对普遍捕捞制度和宽吻海豚 (Tursiops truncatus) 捕食的耦合压力的反应作为一个研究系统。通过模拟鳕鱼的生长轨迹并考虑其明显的性别大小二态性 (SSD)，我们应用 Holling 的 II 型和 III 型功能反应（分别为 FRII 和 FRIII）和 Rosenzweig-MacArthur 捕食者模型来描述猎物 - 捕食者动态。我们的结果证明了捕食和渔业选择的强度、持续时间和猎物大小如何决定鳕鱼生活史特征进化变化的潜力。此外，鳕鱼中明显的 SSD 以及捕食类型在经过一段时间的过度捕捞后在鳕鱼的恢复力和恢复中起着关键作用。不同类型的捕食揭示了捕食者与渔业之间对鱼类的竞争强度以及捕食者生存的差异，这与可持续渔业管理和有效的捕食者保护战略相关。