Abstract The changing power landscape introduces concerns about frequency management in a power system with significant amounts of non-synchronous sources of power. In islanded power systems like Great Britain and Ireland, electricity system operators are sometimes forced to undertake very expensive redispatch actions, including curtailing large amounts of renewable generation to meet statutory frequency stability constraints. Consequently, there is an imminent need to understand and quantify the limits that these constraints pose on the power system and develop metrics that can be easily integrated into current system planning and operational paradigm. This paper analyses three such metrics for quantifying the containment limits of a power system at a given operating point. The paper argues that while the penetration of non-synchronous dispatch can indeed be used as the basis of a metric to define the containment limits of a power system, it does not account for variations in the contributions of other containment factors such as inertia. To address the aforementioned issue two alternatives are proposed: the first defines the containment limits of a power system without direct reference to penetration of non-synchronous power, instead it determines a relationship in terms of critical inertia. The second alternative improves upon the first and it considers the components of frequency stability constraints, offering an increased degree of flexibility in quantifying containment limits, and understanding the influence that certain key factors have on frequency containment. Frequency containment; Frequency management; Frequency response; Frequency stability; Low inertia; Non-synchronous penetration limits

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确定电力系统频率稳定极限的指标：英国案例研究

摘要 不断变化的电力格局引入了对具有大量非同步电源的电力系统中的频率管理的担忧。在英国和爱尔兰等孤岛电力系统中，电力系统运营商有时被迫采取非常昂贵的重新调度行动，包括削减大量可再生能源发电以满足法定频率稳定性限制。因此，迫切需要了解和量化这些约束对电力系统造成的限制，并开发可以轻松集成到当前系统规划和运营范式中的指标。本文分析了用于量化电力系统在给定工作点的安全壳限制的三个此类指标。该论文认为，虽然非同步调度的渗透确实可以用作定义电力系统遏制限制的指标的基础，但它并没有考虑其他遏制因素（如惯性）贡献的变化。为了解决上述问题，提出了两种替代方案：第一种是在不直接参考非同步功率渗透的情况下定义电力系统的遏制限制，而是根据临界惯性确定关系。第二种选择改进了第一种，它考虑了频率稳定性约束的组成部分，在量化遏制限制方面提供了更高程度的灵活性，并了解某些关键因素对频率遏制的影响。频率控制；频率管理；频率响应; 频率稳定性；低惯性；非同步渗透限制