Animals trade-off predation risk against feeding opportunities and prey species may use signals or cues of predators to assess predation risk. We analyzed the mesopredators pine and stone marten (Martes martes, M. foina) and nocturnal and diurnal rodents (Glis glis, Apodemus spp., Sciurus vulgaris). The non-experimental approach used camera traps at feeders which were visited by both, predator and prey. As prey species can eavesdrop on predator signals/cues, there should show some avoidance behavior. The study was conducted on a small mountain in Germany, largely covered by wood, between 29.6.2018 and 5.10.2018. Camera traps were placed 0.6 m near a feeder. Food was replenished regularly to provide a continuous food supply. 34 camera traps provided data for an analysis; total trap nights were 513 (12,312 h). Martens detected the food sources first in 10 instances, and prey species Apodemus/G. glis in 24 instances. G. glis seemed to generally avoid places where martens were feeding while Apodemus and Sciurus did not. The visitations of G. glis depended on whether martens were the first visitors and it significantly avoided such places. Similarly, Apodemus appeared less often at a feeder when martens have been present as a first visitor. The time interval to resume feeding to a monitored feeder after a marten visit was significantly longer compared to a control in G. glis, but not in Apodemus and S. vulgaris. The study shows different responses, with the weakest in the diurnal rodent, and the highest in G. glis. Thus, if a food resource was known by prey species before a predator occurred, the trade-off was shifted towards feeding, but when the predators detect the food source first, the trade-off was shifted to predator avoidance.

中文翻译：

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夜间和白天啮齿动物的捕食者回避行为

动物权衡捕食风险与觅食机会和猎物物种可能使用捕食者的信号或线索来评估捕食风险。我们分析了 mesopredators 松树和石貂 (Martes martes, M. foina) 以及夜间和昼行啮齿动物 (Glis glis, Apodemus spp., Sciurus vulgaris)。非实验方法在捕食者和猎物都访问过的饲养者处使用相机陷阱。由于猎物物种可以窃听捕食者的信号/线索，因此应该表现出一些回避行为。该研究于 2018 年 6 月 29 日至 2018 年 10 月 5 日在德国的一座小山上进行，山上大部分被木头覆盖。相机陷阱放置在馈线附近 0.6 m 处。定期补充食物以提供持续的食物供应。34个相机陷阱提供了分析数据；陷阱夜总数为 513（12,312 小时）。Martens 在 10 个实例中首先检测到食物来源，猎物种类 Apodemus/G. glis 在 24 个实例中。G. glis 似乎通常会避开貂进食的地方，而 Apodemus 和 Sciurus 则不会。G. glis 的来访取决于貂是否是第一批来访者，它明显避开了这些地方。同样，当貂作为第一个访客出现时，Apodemus较少出现在饲养者中。与 G. glis 中的对照相比，在貂访问后恢复向受监控饲养者进食的时间间隔明显更长，但在 Apodemus 和 S. vulgaris 中则不然。该研究显示了不同的反应，昼夜啮齿动物的反应最弱，而 G. glis 的反应最高。因此，如果在捕食者发生之前被猎物物种知道食物资源，权衡就会转向进食，