Since the arrival of Translational Medicine (TM), as both a term and movement in the late 1990s, it has been associated almost exclusively with attempts to accelerate the “translation” of research-laboratory findings to improve efficacy and outcomes in clinical practice (Krueger et al. in Hist Philos Life Sci 41:57, 2019). This framing privileges one source of change in medicine, that from bench-to-bedside. In this article we dig into the history of translation research to identify and discuss three other types of translational work in medicine that can also reshape ideas, practices, institutions, behaviours, or all of these, to produce transformations in clinical effectiveness. These are: (1) making accessible state-of-the-art knowledge and best practice across the medical profession; (2) remodelling and creating institutions to better develop and make available specialist knowledge and practice; and (3) improving public and patient understandings of disease prevention, symptoms and treatments. We do so by examining the work of William S. C. Copeman, a dominant figure in British rheumatology from the 1930 through the late 1960s. Throughout his long career, Copeman blended approaches to “translation” in order to produce transformative change in clinical medicine, making his work an exemplar of our expanded notion of TM.

中文翻译：

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不仅仅是从实验室到临床：William SC Copeman 在风湿病学领域的转化工作。

自从转化医学 (TM) 作为一个术语和 20 世纪 90 年代末的运动出现以来，它几乎完全与加速研究实验室发现的“转化”以提高临床实践中的疗效和结果的尝试联系在一起（Krueger等人在 Hist Philos Life Sci 41:57, 2019）。这一框架优先考虑了医学变革的一个来源，即从实验室到临床的变革。在本文中，我们深入研究翻译研究的历史，以识别和讨论医学领域其他三种类型的翻译工作，这些工作也可以重塑思想、实践、机构、行为或所有这些，从而产生临床效果的转变。这些是：（1）在整个医学界提供最先进的知识和最佳实践；(2) 重塑和创建机构，以更好地开发和提供专业知识和实践；(3) 提高公众和患者对疾病预防、症状和治疗的了解。为此，我们研究了 William SC Copeman 的工作，他是 1930 年代至 20 世纪 60 年代末英国风湿病学领域的主导人物。在他漫长的职业生涯中，科普曼融合了“翻译”方法，以在临床医学中产生革命性的变化，使他的工作成为我们扩展的 TM 概念的典范。