A carbothermic reduction of complex Kalimantan ilmenite (FeTiO3) with palm kernel shell biomass as a reducing agent using regular electric and simulated solar heating has been investigated. The results demonstrate that palm kernel shell biomass can be used as an alternative reductant for the carbothermic reduction. Incomplete ilmenite dissociation was observed at 1000°C and 1100°C for 60 min reaction time using an electric furnace. Complete ilmenite dissociation was attained at 1200°C using both electric and solar furnaces. The major phases formed upon reduction at 1000°C were TiO2 (rutile) and Fe(m). Pseudobrookite (Fe, Mg, Mn)(Ti2O5) was formed at 1100°C, and higher concentrations were observed at 1200°C for 60 min reaction time. Reduction at 1200°C using a solar furnace promoted pseudobrookite formation, and a unique streak morphology of Fe(m) was observed as opposed to a globular structure found in samples heated in an electric furnace. It is suggested that this may be due to localized overheating by solar radiation that promoted rapid local reduction.

中文翻译：

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使用棕榈仁壳生物质对钛铁矿进行太阳能碳热还原

已经研究了使用常规电和模拟太阳能加热以棕榈仁壳生物质作为还原剂对复合加里曼丹钛铁矿 (FeTiO3) 进行碳热还原。结果表明，棕榈仁壳生物质可用作碳热还原的替代还原剂。使用电炉在 1000°C 和 1100°C 反应 60 分钟内观察到钛铁矿不完全离解。使用电炉和太阳能炉在 1200°C 下完全分解钛铁矿。在 1000°C 还原时形成的主要相是 TiO2（金红石）和 Fe(m)。假板钛矿（Fe、Mg、Mn）(Ti2O5) 在 1100°C 下形成，在 1200°C 反应 60 分钟内观察到更高的浓度。使用太阳能炉在 1200°C 还原促进了假板钛矿的形成，观察到 Fe(m) 的独特条纹形态，而不是在电炉中加热的样品中发现的球状结构。有人提出，这可能是由于太阳辐射引起的局部过热促进了局部快速还原。