Captive rearing of monarch butterflies is a commercial and personal pursuit enjoyed by many different groups and individuals. However, the practice remains controversial, especially after new evidence showed that both a group of commercially derived monarchs reared outdoors and a group of wild-derived but indoor-reared monarchs failed to orient south, unlike wild-derived monarchs reared outdoors. To more fully characterize the mechanisms responsible for the loss of orientation in both commercial and indoor-reared monarchs, we performed flight simulator experiments to determine (i) whether any fraction of commercial monarchs maintains a southern heading over multiple tests, and (ii) whether indoor conditions with the addition of sunlight can induce southern flight in wild-derived monarchs. Commercial monarchs changed their flight direction more often over the course of multiple tests than wild-derived monarchs. While as a group the commercial monarchs did not fly south on average, a subset of individuals did orient south over multiple tests, potentially explaining the discordance between flight simulator assays and the recovery of tagged commercial monarchs at overwintering locations. We also show that even when raised indoors with sunlight, wild-derived monarchs did not consistently orient south in the flight simulator, though wild-derived monarchs reared outdoors did orient south.

中文翻译：

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户外饲养的商业君主和室内饲养的野生衍生君主的迁徙行为

圈养帝王蝶是许多不同群体和个人的商业和个人追求。然而，这种做法仍然存在争议，尤其是在新的证据表明，与在户外饲养的野生衍生的帝王蝶不同，一群在户外饲养的商业衍生的帝王蝶和一群野生但在室内饲养的帝王蝶都未能向南定向。为了更全面地描述导致商业和室内饲养的帝王蝶失去方向的机制，我们进行了飞行模拟器实验，以确定 (i) 是否有一部分商业帝王蝶在多次测试中保持向南航向，以及 (ii)增加阳光的室内条件可以诱导野生帝王蝶向南飞行。在多次测试过程中，商业帝王蝶比野生帝王蝶更频繁地改变飞行方向。虽然作为一个群体，商业帝王蝶平均不会向南飞行，但一部分个体确实在多次测试中向南飞行，这可能解释了飞行模拟器分析与越冬地点标记商业帝王蝶的恢复之间的不一致。我们还表明，即使在室内有阳光的情况下饲养时，野生型帝王蝶在飞行模拟器中也不会始终向南，尽管在户外饲养的野生型帝王蝶确实向南。这可能解释了飞行模拟器分析与越冬地点标记商业君主的恢复之间的不一致。我们还表明，即使在室内有阳光的情况下饲养时，野生型帝王蝶在飞行模拟器中也不会始终向南，尽管在户外饲养的野生型帝王蝶确实向南。这可能解释了飞行模拟器分析与越冬地点标记商业君主的恢复之间的不一致。我们还表明，即使在室内有阳光的情况下饲养时，野生型帝王蝶在飞行模拟器中也不会始终向南，尽管在户外饲养的野生型帝王蝶确实向南。