Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) teinturier cultivars are characterized by their typical reddish leaves and red-fleshed berries due to ectopic anthocyanin formation. Wines of these varieties have economic importance as they can be used for blending to enhance the color of red wines. The unique and heritable mutation has been known for a long time but the underlying genetic mechanism still is not yet understood. Here we describe the association of the red-fleshed berry phenotype with a 408 bp repetitive DNA element in the promoter of the VvmybA1 gene (grapevine color enhancer, GCE). Three different clones of ‘Teinturier’ were discovered with two, three and five allelic GCE repeats (MybA1t2, MybA1t3 and MybA1t5). All three clones are periclinal chimeras; these clones share the same L1 layer, but have distinct L2 layers with different quantities of GCE repeats. Quantitative real time PCR and HPLC analysis of leaf and berry samples showed that the GCE repeat number strongly correlates with an increase of the expression of VvmybA1 itself and the VvUFGT gene regulated by it and the anthocyanin content. A model is proposed based on autoregulation of VvmybA1t to explain the red phenotype which is similar to that of red-fleshed apples. This study presents results about the generation and modes of action of three MybA1t alleles responsible for the red-fleshed berry phenotype of teinturier grapevines.

中文翻译：

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由于 VvmybA1 启动子中的 408 bp 重复，Vitis vinifera Teinturier 葡萄的红肉浆果表型的颜色强度发生变化

由于异位花青素的形成，葡萄 (Vitis vinifera) teinturier 栽培品种的特点是其典型的红色叶子和红色果肉。这些品种的葡萄酒具有重要的经济意义，因为它们可用于混合以增强红葡萄酒的颜色。这种独特且可遗传的突变早已为人所知，但其潜在的遗传机制仍不清楚。在这里，我们描述了红色果肉浆果表型与 VvmybA1 基因（葡萄颜色增强剂，GCE）启动子中的 408 bp 重复 DNA 元件的关联。发现了三个不同的“Teinturier”克隆，具有两个、三个和五个等位基因 GCE 重复序列（MybA1t2、MybA1t3 和 MybA1t5）。所有三个克隆都是周缘嵌合体；这些克隆共享相同的 L1 层，但具有不同数量的 GCE 重复的不同 L2 层。叶和浆果样品的定量实时 PCR 和 HPLC 分析表明，GCE 重复数与 VvmybA1 本身和受其调控的 VvUFGT 基因表达的增加以及花青素含量密切相关。提出了一个基于 VvmybA1t 自动调节的模型来解释与红肉苹果相似的红色表型。本研究展示了三个 MybA1t 等位基因的产生和作用模式的结果，这些等位基因负责 teinturier 葡萄藤的红肉浆果表型。提出了一个基于 VvmybA1t 自动调节的模型来解释与红肉苹果相似的红色表型。本研究展示了三个 MybA1t 等位基因的产生和作用模式的结果，这些等位基因负责 teinturier 葡萄藤的红肉浆果表型。提出了一个基于 VvmybA1t 自动调节的模型来解释与红肉苹果相似的红色表型。本研究展示了三个 MybA1t 等位基因的产生和作用模式的结果，这些等位基因负责 teinturier 葡萄藤的红肉浆果表型。