Pyrethroid pesticides are applied to both agricultural and aquacultural industries for pest control. However, information of their impact on the commercial important freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii is scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed to characterize to effects of a commonly used pyrethroid pesticide, deltamethrin on DNA damage, immune response, and neurotoxicity in P. clarkii. Animals were exposed to 7, 14, and 28 ng/L of deltamethrin, which correspond to 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 of the LC50 (96 hours) of this pyrethroid to P. clarkii. Significant increase of olive tail moment (OTM) and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) was found after deltamethrin exposure in a dose‐dependent way. Total hemocyte counts (THC) and activities of immune‐related enzymes including acid phosphatase (ACP), lysozyme (LZM), and phenoloxidase (PO) were all decreased and significantly lower than control at concentration of 28 ng/L after 96 hours exposure. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, an indicator of neurotoxic effect was investigated and it was decreased significantly in muscles at 14 and 28 ng/L after 24 hours exposure. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hemocytes was also measured and the significant increase of ROS was found at 14 and 28 ng/L concentrations. The results revealed that deltamethrin induced DNA damage, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity in P. clarkii by excessive generation of ROS. Because of the dose‐dependent responses of all parameters under exposure of deltamethrin at environmentally realistic concentrations, these parameters could be used as sensitive biomarkers for risk assessment of deltamethrin in aquaculture area.

中文翻译：

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溴氰菊酯对淡水小龙虾克氏原螯虾的 DNA 损伤、免疫毒性和神经毒性

拟除虫菊酯农药应用于农业和水产养殖业的害虫防治。然而，关于它们对商业重要淡水小龙虾克氏原螯虾的影响的信息却很少。因此，本研究旨在表征常用拟除虫菊酯农药溴氰菊酯对克氏疟原虫 DNA 损伤、免疫反应和神经毒性的影响。动物暴露于 7、14 和 28 ng/L 溴氰菊酯，分别相当于该拟除虫菊酯对克克氏疟原虫的 LC50（96 小时）的 1/8、1/4 和 1/2。暴露于溴氰菊酯后发现橄榄尾矩（OTM）和8-羟基-2'-脱氧鸟苷（8-OHdG）显着增加，且呈剂量依赖性。暴露96小时后，血细胞总数（THC）和免疫相关酶（包括酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、溶菌酶（LZM）和酚氧化酶（PO））活性均下降，且显着低于浓度为28 ng/L的对照。研究人员对乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE) 活性（神经毒性作用指标）进行了研究，在 14 ng/L 和 28 ng/L 浓度下，暴露 24 小时后，肌肉中乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE) 活性显着降低。还测量了血细胞中细胞内活性氧 (ROS) 的水平，发现 ROS 在 14 ng/L 和 28 ng/L 浓度下显着增加。结果表明，溴氰菊酯通过过量产生ROS，诱导克氏疟原虫DNA损伤、免疫毒性和神经毒性。由于在环境实际浓度下溴氰菊酯暴露下所有参数均呈现剂量依赖性响应，因此这些参数可用作水产养殖区溴氰菊酯风险评估的敏感生物标志物。