The formation of axons and dendrites during development, and their regeneration following injury, are energy intensive processes. The underlying assembly and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, axonal transport mechanisms, and extensive signaling networks all rely on ATP and GTP consumption. Cellular ATP is generated through oxidative phosphorylation (OxP) in mitochondria, glycolysis and “regenerative” kinase systems. Recent investigations have focused on the role of the mitochondrion in axonal development and regeneration emphasizing the importance of this organelle and OxP in axon development and regeneration. In contrast, the understanding of alternative sources of ATP in neuronal morphogenesis and regeneration remains largely unexplored. This review focuses on the current state of the field of neuronal bioenergetics underlying morphogenesis and regeneration and considers the literature on the bioenergetics of non‐neuronal cell motility to emphasize the potential contributions of non‐mitochondrial energy sources.

中文翻译：

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神经元形态发生和再生的生物能学：超越线粒体的前沿。

发育过程中轴突和树突的形成以及损伤后的再生是能量密集型过程。细胞骨架的基本组装和动力学、轴突运输机制和广泛的信号网络都依赖于 ATP 和 GTP 消耗。细胞 ATP 是通过线粒体、糖酵解和“再生”激酶系统中的氧化磷酸化 (OxP) 产生的。最近的研究集中在线粒体在轴突发育和再生中的作用，强调了该细胞器和 OxP 在轴突发育和再生中的重要性。相比之下，对神经元形态发生和再生中 ATP 的替代来源的理解在很大程度上仍未得到探索。