3D printing is a rapidly growing technology that has an enormous potential to impact a wide range of industries such as engineering, art, education, medicine, and aerospace. The flexibility in design provided by this technique offers many opportunities for manufacturing sophisticated 3D devices. The most widely utilized method is an extrusion‐based solid‐freeform fabrication approach, which is an extremely attractive additive manufacturing technology in both academic and industrial research communities. This method is versatile, with the ability to print a range of dimensions, multimaterial, and multifunctional 3D structures. It is also a very affordable technique in prototyping. However, the lack of variety in printable polymers with advanced material properties becomes the main bottleneck in further development of this technology. Herein, a comprehensive review is provided, focusing on material design strategies to achieve or enhance the 3D printability of a range of polymers including thermoplastics, thermosets, hydrogels, and other polymers by extrusion techniques. Moreover, diverse advanced properties exhibited by such printed polymers, such as mechanical strength, conductance, self‐healing, as well as other integrated properties are highlighted. Lastly, the stimuli responsiveness of the 3D printed polymeric materials including shape morphing, degradability, and color changing is also discussed.

中文翻译：

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具有先进性能的聚合物材料的挤出 3D 打印

3D 打印是一项快速发展的技术，具有影响工程、艺术、教育、医学和航空航天等广泛行业的巨大潜力。该技术提供的设计灵活性为制造复杂的 3D 设备提供了许多机会。最广泛使用的方法是基于挤压的实体自由成型制造方法，这在学术界和工业研究界都是一种极具吸引力的增材制造技术。这种方法用途广泛，能够打印各种尺寸、多材料和多功能 3D 结构。这也是一种非常经济实惠的原型制作技术。然而，具有先进材料性能的可打印聚合物品种的缺乏成为该技术进一步发展的主要瓶颈。本文提供了全面的综述，重点关注通过挤出技术实现或增强一系列聚合物（包括热塑性塑料、热固性塑料、水凝胶和其他聚合物）的 3D 打印适性的材料设计策略。此外，这种印刷聚合物所表现出的多种先进性能，如机械强度、电导、自修复以及其他综合性能也得到了强调。最后，还讨论了 3D 打印聚合物材料的刺激响应性，包括形状变形、可降解性和颜色变化。