Abstract The emergence of extensive and pandrug resistant Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is recognized as the leading cause of seafood borne gastroenteritis globally, necessitates the urgent development of novel therapeutic strategies and antibacterial drugs. This study aims to investigate the effects of citral on the growth and virulence properties of V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633. Citral displayed good antibacterial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be 0.125 mg/mL by two-fold broth dilution method. Citral caused damages to the bacterial cell wall and membrane, based on both the morphology observation by scanning electron microscopy and the elevated glucose content, protein leakage, and malondialdehyde content in the cell cultures. The treatment with citral at subinhibitory concentrations caused the decline in biofilm formation, motility, extracellular polysaccharide production, and also the transcription levels of genes involved in hemolysin production, type III, and VI secretion systems in V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633. Also, citral inhibited the quorum sensing genes and ToxRS system in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, the citral treated group exhibited a reduced death rate and alleviating infection symptoms of the zebrafish model caused by V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633. These results demonstrated that citral may be of interest as alternative therapeutics against V. parahaemolyticus associated infections in seafood.

中文翻译：

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柠檬醛对食源性病原体副溶血性弧菌的抗菌和抗毒作用 RIMD 2210633

摘要 广泛耐药的副溶血性弧菌的出现成为全球公认的海产品源性胃肠炎的主要原因，迫切需要开发新的治疗策略和抗菌药物。本研究旨在研究柠檬醛对副溶血性弧菌 RIMD2210633 生长和毒力特性的影响。柠檬醛显示出良好的抗菌活性，通过两倍肉汤稀释法测定的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) 为 0.125 mg/mL。根据扫描电子显微镜的形态观察以及细胞培养物中葡萄糖含量、蛋白质泄漏和丙二醛含量升高，柠檬醛对细菌细胞壁和细胞膜造成损害。用亚抑制浓度的柠檬醛处理导致副溶血性弧菌 RIMD2210633 中生物膜形成、运动、细胞外多糖产生以及与溶血素产生、III 型和 VI 型分泌系统相关基因的转录水平下降。此外，柠檬醛以浓度依赖性方式抑制群体感应基因和 ToxRS 系统。此外，柠檬醛处理组表现出降低的死亡率和减轻由副溶血性弧菌 RIMD2210633 引起的斑马鱼模型的感染症状。这些结果表明，柠檬醛可能作为针对海鲜中副溶血性弧菌相关感染的替代疗法而受到关注。以及与副溶血性弧菌 RIMD2210633 中溶血素产生、III 型和 VI 型分泌系统有关的基因的转录水平。此外，柠檬醛以浓度依赖性方式抑制群体感应基因和 ToxRS 系统。此外，柠檬醛处理组表现出降低的死亡率和减轻由副溶血性弧菌 RIMD2210633 引起的斑马鱼模型的感染症状。这些结果表明，柠檬醛可能作为针对海鲜中副溶血性弧菌相关感染的替代疗法而受到关注。以及与副溶血性弧菌 RIMD2210633 中溶血素产生、III 型和 VI 型分泌系统有关的基因的转录水平。此外，柠檬醛以浓度依赖性方式抑制群体感应基因和 ToxRS 系统。此外，柠檬醛处理组表现出降低的死亡率和减轻由副溶血性弧菌 RIMD2210633 引起的斑马鱼模型的感染症状。这些结果表明，柠檬醛可能作为针对海鲜中副溶血性弧菌相关感染的替代疗法而受到关注。柠檬醛治疗组表现出降低的死亡率和减轻由副溶血性弧菌 RIMD2210633 引起的斑马鱼模型的感染症状。这些结果表明，柠檬醛可能作为针对海鲜中副溶血性弧菌相关感染的替代疗法而受到关注。柠檬醛治疗组表现出降低的死亡率和减轻由副溶血性弧菌 RIMD2210633 引起的斑马鱼模型的感染症状。这些结果表明，柠檬醛可能作为针对海鲜中副溶血性弧菌相关感染的替代疗法而受到关注。