Male infertility or subfertility is frequently associated with disruption of the hypothalamic–pituitary–testis axis events, like secondary hypogonadism. However, little is known how this condition affects the proteomic composition of the epididymal fluid. In the present study, we evaluated the proteomic changes in the cauda epididymal fluid (CEF) in a swine model of secondary hypogonadism induced by anti‐GnRH immunization using multidimensional protein identification technology. Seven hundred and eighteen proteins were identified in both GnRH‐immunized and control groups. GnRH immunization doubled the number of proteins in the CEF, with 417 proteins being found exclusively in samples from GnRH‐immunized boars. CEF from GnRH‐immunized boars presented an increase in the number of proteins related to cellular and metabolic processes, with affinity to organic cyclic compounds, small molecules, and heterocyclic compounds, as well changed the enzymatic profile of the CEF. Also, a significant increase in the number of proteins associated to the ubiquitin–proteasome system was identified in CEF from GnRH‐immunized animals. These results bring strong evidence of the impact of secondary hypogonadism on the epididymal environment, which is responsible for sperm maturation and storage prior ejaculation. Finally, the differently expressed proteins in the CEF are putative seminal biomarkers for testicular and epididymal disorders caused by secondary hypogonadism.

中文翻译：

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通过破坏HPT轴改变猪马尾附睾液蛋白质组学：揭示男性不育的潜在机制。

男性不育或不育通常与下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴事件的破坏有关，如继发性腺功能减退。然而，几乎不知道这种情况如何影响附睾液的蛋白质组学组成。在本研究中，我们使用多维蛋白质识别技术评估了由抗GnRH免疫诱导的继发性性腺功能减退症猪模型中马尾附睾液（CEF）的蛋白质组学变化。在GnRH免疫组和对照组中共鉴定出718种蛋白质。GnRH免疫使CEF中的蛋白质数量增加了一倍，仅在GnRH免疫公猪的样品中发现了417种蛋白质。经GnRH免疫的公猪的CEF表示与细胞和代谢过程有关的蛋白质数量增加，对有机环状化合物，小分子和杂环化合物具有亲和力，也改变了CEF的酶促分布。另外，在经GnRH免疫的动物的CEF中，发现与泛素-蛋白酶体系统相关的蛋白质数量显着增加。这些结果为继发性腺功能减退症对附睾环境的影响提供了强有力的证据，后者导致精子的成熟和射精前的储存。最后，CEF中不同表达的蛋白质是由继发性性腺功能减退症引起的睾丸和附睾疾病的公认的精巢生物标志物。在经GnRH免疫的动物的CEF中，发现与泛素-蛋白酶体系统相关的蛋白质数量显着增加。这些结果为继发性腺功能减退症对附睾环境的影响提供了强有力的证据，后者导致精子的成熟和射精前的储存。最后，CEF中不同表达的蛋白质是由继发性性腺功能减退症引起的睾丸和附睾疾病的公认的精巢生物标志物。在经GnRH免疫的动物的CEF中，发现与泛素-蛋白酶体系统相关的蛋白质数量显着增加。这些结果为继发性腺功能减退症对附睾环境的影响提供了有力的证据，附睾环境是精子成熟和射精前的原因。最后，CEF中不同表达的蛋白质是由继发性性腺功能减退症引起的睾丸和附睾疾病的公认的精巢生物标志物。