Abstract Amphibians are proportionately over-represented in the current wave of global biodiversity loss. Disease and habitat loss are implicated in many amphibian species declines, but amphibians are also predicted to be sensitive to changes in climate, particularly changes in temperature and loss of moisture. These changes could severely impact frog use of terrestrial habitats. We used data from a long-term (2007–18) landscape-scale experiment in south-eastern Australia to test the effects of terrestrial habitat characteristics and restoration treatments on frog species. We found declines in species richness and in the occurrences of two locally-common species (Limnodynastes tasmaniensis and Uperoleia laevigata). These declines were associated with high maximum temperatures, low minimum temperatures and low rainfall. Coarse woody debris addition was associated with higher species richness and L. tasmaniensis occurrence, but this effect was not greater in times of reduced rainfall and high maximum temperatures, implying a weak ‘refugia’ effect. Frogs were positively associated with wetter sites, and this association increased with higher maximum temperatures. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence that show that prolonged periods of drought pose a key threat to frog populations and that short periods of relief from drought conditions are insufficient to allow recovery of terrestrial frog populations over the long term. Restoration efforts could include the provision of coarse woody debris and should also ensure that good quality aquatic habitat, such as drought-resistant ponds and dams, are available throughout hot and dry times as a supplement to ephemeral aquatic habitat.

中文翻译：

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池塘之外：青蛙在气候变化中对陆地栖息地的利用

摘要 在当前的全球生物多样性丧失浪潮中，两栖动物的比例过高。疾病和栖息地丧失与许多两栖动物物种减少有关，但预计两栖动物也会对气候变化敏感，尤其是温度变化和水分流失。这些变化可能会严重影响青蛙对陆地栖息地的利用。我们使用来自澳大利亚东南部的长期（2007-18 年）景观规模实验的数据来测试陆地栖息地特征和恢复处理对青蛙物种的影响。我们发现物种丰富度和两种当地常见物种（Limnodynastes tasmaniensis 和 Uperoleia laevigata）的出现率下降。这些下降与最高气温高、最低气温低和降雨量低有关。粗木屑添加与更高的物种丰富度和 L. tasmaniensis 的发生有关，但这种影响在降雨量减少和最高温度高的时候并不大，这意味着“避难所”效应较弱。青蛙与较潮湿的地点呈正相关，并且这种关联随着最高温度的升高而增加。我们的研究结果增加了越来越多的证据，这些证据表明长期干旱对青蛙种群构成了关键威胁，并且干旱条件的短期缓解不足以使陆地青蛙种群长期恢复。恢复工作可包括提供粗木屑，还应确保优质的水生栖息地，如抗旱池塘和水坝，