Abstract The world's large terrestrial mammalian carnivores and herbivores (henceforth, megafauna) has been severely impacted by humans worldwide. Although this impact across the globe is variable, there has been little information quantifying this impact on biodiversity. Here, we use a macroecological modeling approach to evaluate the impact of different human activities on megafauna species richness at global and biogeographical scales with respect to seven human-altered landscapes variables. At both global and biogeographical scales, we found that human accessibility, human footprint, and small livestock density, had the most negative effects on megafauna species richness, whereas large livestock density, wilderness, and natural protected areas, were more positively associated with megafauna species richness. Our results indicate that megafauna can indeed persist in human-modified landscapes, but different types of human activity can differentially influence species richness. Thus, although continued human impact such as urban, livestock and agricultural development continues to represent a threat to most megafauna, their future viability is potentially compatible with several global change factors we examined. Moreover, our findings are still consistent with the emphasis on conservation strategies that focus on habitat protection to maximize the conservation of megafaunal richness. We urge stronger national and international policy commitments inclusive of multi-use landscapes, greater anti-poaching enforcement, and the development of wildlife-friendly policy incentives for the managers of private and communal land. We also advise caution in interpreting our results, and believe local and regional scale population monitoring programs are still necessary to better facilitate coexistence with humans.

中文翻译：

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减少第六次大规模灭绝：了解人类改变的景观对保护世界上最大的陆生哺乳动物的价值

摘要 世界范围内的大型陆生哺乳动物食肉动物和食草动物（以下简称巨型动物）已受到世界范围内人类的严重影响。尽管这种影响在全球范围内各不相同，但几乎没有信息可以量化这种对生物多样性的影响。在这里，我们使用宏观生态建模方法来评估不同人类活动对全球和生物地理尺度上七个人类改变的景观变量的巨型动物物种丰富度的影响。在全球和生物地理尺度上，我们发现人类可及性、人类足迹和牲畜密度小，对巨型动物物种丰富度的负面影响最大，而牲畜密度大、荒野和自然保护区与巨型动物物种呈正相关。丰富。我们的结果表明巨型动物确实可以在人类改造的景观中持续存在，但不同类型的人类活动会对物种丰富度产生不同的影响。因此，尽管城市、牲畜和农业发展等人类持续影响继续对大多数巨型动物构成威胁，但它们未来的生存能力可能与我们研究的几个全球变化因素兼容。此外，我们的发现仍然与强调栖息地保护以最大限度地保护巨型动物丰富度的保护策略一致。我们敦促做出更强有力的国家和国际政策承诺，包括多用途景观、加强反偷猎执法以及为私人和公共土地的管理者制定对野生动物友好的政策激励措施。